面向21世纪的中国西北边疆史地研究

在中国边疆史地研究领域中,西北边疆史地是一个重要的方面。研究西北边疆的政治、经济、民族迁徙和民族融合、社会化、生态变化、地理、交通等问题,尤其是研究历代中央政府治理开发西北边疆的历史,总结其成功的经验和失败的教训,不仅有着重要的学术价值,更重要的是具有重大的实际意义。在20世纪百年中,这一方面的研究已经取得了丰硕的成果。回顾20世纪西北边疆史地研究的发展状况,可以清楚地看到,20世纪西北边疆史地之学的发展,曾有过四个高潮时期。     

清代学者对于西北史地之研究及其著述

抗日战争爆发后,中国边疆问题日趋严重。史念海先生与他的老师顾颉刚先生十分重视对边疆史料特别是西北史料的搜集和整理,史先生写下了这篇文章,旨在揭示中国疆域沿革的历程,以激发国人的抗日热情。史先生认为: 清代学者十分关注西北史地问题,早在乾嘉时期,即有人致力于西北史地之研究;乾嘉之后,西北边疆多事,探讨西北史地的人日益增多。他们或整理史地文献,或撰写史地专著,或记述清廷在西北的武功,或记载中俄在西北的界务,产生了一批重要的著述。这些著述,大都仍然具有重要学术价值。     

前进中的回顾——写在学术专栏“中国边疆史地研究”终刊之时

中国边疆史地研究具有十分丰富的内涵,一部中国史,上下五千年,东西南北中,均有边疆史地研究的对象。为了推动我国边疆史地研究的发展,中国边疆史地研究中心在《西北史地》编辑部的鼎力相助下,从1987年9月始在《西北史地》上创办了“中国边疆史地研究”学术专栏。以中国边疆史地作为研究主体而独辟学术专栏,在40年的大陆史坛上尚属首次。因而,颇得历史学界,特别是地方史、中外关系史、民族史研究同仁的关心与支持,使专栏成为发表边疆史地研究论文、沟通彼此信息的小小园地。     

西北边疆史地研究的回顾与反思

西北边疆史地研究一直是学术界研究的重要领域.长期以来,学界在西北边疆史地文献整理、西北边疆经略与边疆管理、西北边疆民族史等方面取得了较为丰富的成果.在此基础上,改变传统的研究路径,全面、系统、综合地研究西北边疆财政、边疆民生、边疆生态、边疆地区"内地化"进程、边疆民族地区对国家认同等问题,是西北边疆史地研究中需要认真对待和亟待解决的问题.     

黄文弼与西北边疆史地研究

我国西北边疆史地的研究有着悠久的历史 ,清代中后期达到极盛 ,二十世纪初年 ,利用敦煌、楼兰等地出土的文书、木简等新材料 ,又掀起了一股西北边疆史地研究的热潮。黄文弼继承了前人的研究成果 ,并有所创新 ,他运用简牍新资料 ,结合文献记载 ,加上实地考察所得 ,对西北边疆史地中的一些问题 ,如高昌国历史、罗布泊位置、塔里木盆地南河以及东西方文化交流等作了详细考证 ,开创了西北边疆史地研究的新局面。     

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《中国边疆史地研究》是由中国社会科学院主管、中国社会科学院中国边疆史地研究中心主办的中国边疆研究领域唯一综合性学术理论刊物。本刊以马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论为指导,坚持“双百”方针,提倡不同学术观点之间的争鸣,为促进中国边疆地区的发展、中国边疆研究学科的发展服务。《中国边疆史地研究》设置有:边疆理论研究、边政研究、历代疆域、边疆开发、边疆民族、边务交涉、边疆地理、边界研究、海疆研究、周边地区研究、边疆研究史、新书评介、边疆考察、学术动态等十几个栏目,并不定期设置笔谈专栏,刊登针对学科发展或学者们…     

论鸦片战争前后中国边疆史地研究热潮中的史书编纂

中国边疆史地研究的史书编纂在鸦片战争前后出现了新的发展趋向 ,主要表现在 :由边疆史地研究引发对域外史地的研究 ;史地学者能够根据社会变动的需要 ,灵活变通地运用史书体裁、体例 ,撰述了一批具有个性色彩和时代特色的史地著作。这是对章学诚寻求史学变革之道的有力回应 ,反映了中国传统学术的重要变化。     

中国边疆学及其研究的若干问题

中国边疆史地研究的创新与深化,必然引发出学者们对中国边疆学的思考。本文作者从“中国边疆学研究的前提或基础”、“中国边疆学的社会功能”、“繁荣中国边疆学研究的途径”三个方面提出了一系列值得重视的见解。本刊发表此文,意在引发更多的人们对中国边疆史地研究的关注和对建立中国边疆学的更深的思考。     

魏源的边疆史地研究述略

魏源在边疆史地研究方面有许多独到建树,他对边疆地理沿革的考辨继承了乾嘉学者的考据风格,是史学家的缜密品质和经世致用精神的良好结合。魏源在边疆民族问题上有鲜明的“多民族凝聚倾向”,其研究着眼于巩固边疆的群众基础,他就如何处理边疆民族关系的经验总结对现实仍有一定的指导意义。魏源的边疆史地研究把边疆的防卫与开发建设结合起来,将边疆的防卫、开发建设同解决国家的现实问题结合起来,完全超出了传统的战略地理的讨论范围,是难能可贵的。     

1998年中国边疆史地研究论文索引

综论我国历史上的东南西北“洋”和“海”田玉首辑《地理文摘》1998年1期中国与周边国家地缘关系分析靖学青《延边大学学报》（哲学社会科学版）1998年3期论中国古代领土观的形成张景贤《历史教学》1998年5期体屠、昆仑与《山海经》安京《中国边疆史地研究》1998年1期从吕凯旋属看汉武帝斥地拓疆王世丽《中国边疆史地研究》1998年2期北来与辽并立时期的疆域格局林荣贵《中国边疆史地研究》1998年3期清代边疆史研究刍议马大正《清史研究》1998年2期清朝边疆统一论成崇德《清史研究》89年2期清代边疆开发不平衡性：一个从人口经济学角度的考察…     

The Riddle of Paul de Man

The discovery in 1987 of Paul de Man’s pro‐Nazi literary activities in wartime Belgium prompted a debate over the fact that de Man neither publicly declared his collaboration, nor clarified the relationship between his wartime experience and his post‐war work. De Man’s detractors argued that he insidiously hid his past. The evidence of his concealment, they maintained, was his silence and unwavering conviction in his mature work that the meaning of every text contains its opposite. De Man guaranteed the impossibility of knowing the original meanings of his wartime articles. In contrast, de Man’s supporters argued that what appeared to be de Man’s silence masked his life‐long critique of his wartime errors. His heroic analysis, they maintained, was expressed in his post‐war work. In contrast to these interpretations, it is argued that de Man’s silence and post‐war work resulted from his rejection of his former self and the influence of its unacknowledged presence. The unintentional presence of his past caused de Man’s inability to speak openly about his coll aboration and shaped the content of his late work.     

Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A cultural history

This article examines Ernest Belfort Bax's interpretation of the French Revolution and traces the impact that his idea of the Revolution had on his philosophy and his political thought. The first section considers Bax's understanding of the Revolution in the context of his theory of history and analyses his conception of the Revolution's legacy, drawing particularly on his portraits of Robespierre, Marat and Babeuf. The second section shows how the lessons Bax drew from this history shaped his socialist republicanism and discusses his support for Jacobin methods of revolutionary change. The third section of the article looks at the ways in which Bax's reading of revolutionary history affected his internationalism and shows how his ‘anti-patriotism’ led him to support the Anglo-French campaign in 1914. I argue that the Bax's understanding of the French Revolution gave body to his philosophy and greatly influenced his understanding of the socialist struggle. Bax believed that socialists had history on their side, but was so emboldened by the idea of the Revolution that he was led to advance a view of socialist change that undermined the historic values that socialism was supposed to enshrine.     

Ecumenist and Controversialist: The Dual Legacy of Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf

Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700–1760) is often remembered for his ecumenical theology. Yet his relationships with other Christians of his time were marked by conflict, and every significant ecumenical connection he made was eventually broken off. This article outlines Zinzendorf's interactions with other Christians in the two centres of Moravianism where his leadership was strongest, Germany and England, and analyses the consistent disintegration of those relations. It concedes that these conflicts were fuelled in part by suspicion of Zinzendorf's radical ideals, fear of his movement's independence, the ecclesial politics of his time, the public's appetite for gossip about the Moravians, and the faults of his conversation partners — all causes that are often invoked to explain eighteenth‐century antipathy toward Zinzendorf. The far more consistent and compelling factor in these conflicts, however, was Zinzendorf's temperament, which included both a noble sense of being above reproach and a distinct irritability. This article argues that Zinzendorf's contentious personality was the decisive impediment to the realisation of his ecumenical goals. It also suggests that his tendency to be a controversialist helps make sense of the contradiction between his ecumenical theology and the failure of his ecumenical program under his leadership.     

Parliament in print: William Caxton and the history of political government in the fifteenth century

This article explores the narrative of parliamentary history in fifteenth-century England, specifically as found in the texts William Caxton printed. It investigates Caxton's approach to history and motivation for choosing texts, his translations and vocabulary, his editorial oversight and his audience. As his confidence in his own skill grew, and as he moved from a continental to an English context, his reading of parliaments changed. Initially it corresponded to his French texts, but by the early 1480s he understood the term ‘parliament’ to mean some variation of the contemporary English Parliament. Caxton's later understanding is reflected in the histories he published. This article emphasises the importance of Caxton's historical narratives to Parliament's legitimacy and to political discourse in a time when few parliaments were held.     

Jacob Talmon between Zionism and Cold War Liberalism

The paper focuses on the problematic relationship between Talmon's liberalism and Zionism. My argument is that Talmon's nationalism (Zionism included)—historicist, romantic, visionary—lived in permanent tension with his liberalism—empiricist, pluralist, pragmatic. His critique of totalitarian democracy, reflecting his British experience, emerged independently from his Zionism, grounded in Central European nationalism. The two represented different worlds. Talmon lived in both, serving as an ambassador in-between them, without ever bringing them together.

The essay's first section describes the political education of the young Jacob Talmon (née Flajszer) and the making of The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. It demonstrates the independence of Talmon's Cold War liberal project from his Zionism. The second section places Talmon in the context of Cold War liberal discourse, showing how integral his critique of revolutionary politics was to contemporary liberalism. The third illustrates the tensions between Talmon's view of Jewish history and his liberalism, between his Zionism and his critique of revolutionary politics. Focusing on Talmon's analyses of nationalism, it highlights the ambiguity of his Zionism.     

Die stadt und das reich in der verfassungslehre des marsilius von padua

This essay examines Tocqueville's interest in statistics, and how it informed his analysis of democracy. It explores his early engagement with the discipline and shows how this proved critical to his and Beaumont's 1833 study of the American penitentiary system. It shows that Tocqueville's interest in statistics was long lasting. And it pays particular attention to his links with the British Association for the Advancement of Science, examining his attendance at the statistical section meetings of the BAAS conference in Dublin in 1835. It shows how material presented at this conference appeared in a number of Tocqueville's works. The essay argues against the thesis that Tocqueville resisted the primacy of the social. Rather, it shows that his interest in statistics underscored the importance he attached to the social in his analysis of modern democracy.     

‘Slowing down the going-away process’ — Tom Stoppard and Soviet Dissent

Tom Stoppard is a playwright most noted for his ferocious wordplay and playful approach to reality. In the 1970s and 1980s, his concern for like-minded prisoners of conscience in the Soviet bloc informed his activism on their behalf, utilising his public profile in an attempt to reposition their plight in the West. Stoppard’s activism was largely informed by his involvement with a number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) working to publicise human rights violations in the Soviet Union, who provided him with the most up to date information on these abuses, and gave him access to dissidents. This article explores Stoppard’s activism on behalf of Soviet prisoners of conscience, highlighting the impact that these organisations had on his activism. Through an assessment of Stoppard’s efforts, it highlights the important role that NGOs and celebrity politics played during the cold war.     

Matthew Paris on the writing of history

Matthew Paris was one of the most prolific and influential historians of the central middle ages. Matthew's significance rests both on the range of his interests and the scope of his writing. Yet, even basic questions about his outlook on writing, his concept of history, or the relationship with his audience, have hardly been asked. These issues are central themes of this article, and will be used to consider wider questions about Matthew's concept of truth, his handling of information, and his view of the world around him. The article, furthermore, extends coverage beyond the Chronica majora or Matthew's vernacular writings to consider his concept of history as it emerges from the totality of his oeuvre.     

‘Red on White’: Kim Il Sung,Park Chung Hee,and the Failure of Korea’s Reunification, 1971–1973

The articles argues that in 1971–1973 North Korea’s leader Kim Il Sung used the Sino-American rapprochement and the Soviet-American détente to pursue Korean reunification on his terms; his aim was to ‘democratize’ and then ‘revolutionize’ South Korea and so achieve through dialogue what he failed to achieve through militancy. Kim’s game was based on a misreading of the political dynamics in South Korea and on misplaced confidence in North Korea’s attractiveness. He also misjudged his ability to obtain China’s and the USSR’s backing for his schemes.     

Bihar,California, and the US Midwest: the early radicalization of Jayaprakash Narayan

Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) is often remembered as a ‘Gandhian Socialist’ because of his explicit rejection of revolutionary Marxism in and embrace of Gandhian principles in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the easy mapping of a ‘Marx to Gandhi’ trajectory in JP's political life minimizes the complexity of his political journey, in which cultural nationalism and internationalist Marxian thought were intertwined. This article, based on JP's 1972 interview with Hari Dev Sharma of the Nehru Memorial Library and Museum, investigates his early radicalization in the 1920s, and examines the uneven development of his political consciousness in that context. As such, it makes a specific contribution to the historical record of Indian revolutionaries, bringing JP into that story and suggesting that his later political turns may have had as much to do with the crises of global revolutionary thought and organization in the interwar period as with his own ideas and beliefs.