卷轴书画折痕产生的原因及防治对策研究

卷轴是书画艺术的一种独特展示与收藏形式,卷轴书画画芯表面的折痕不仅影响展陈效果,而且降低了书画文物的保存寿命。为此,利用超景深显微镜和扫描电镜分析了卷轴书画折痕的微观结构,探讨了折痕产生的机理,并提出了相应的预防措施。结果表明:小直径收卷是书画产生折痕的重要原因之一;收卷直径越小,书画出现折痕的现象越明显。通过在地杆处加轴管以增大收卷直径,能够有效减少折痕和断裂的产生。该方法保持了中国传统卷轴书画的装裱形式,维持了书画的原貌,并能够有效保存书画展示的传统韵味。研究结果为探讨书画折痕产生的机理和防治对策研究提供科学依据。     

米芾谈书画收藏

<正>米芾在长期的书画收藏鉴赏中,积累了诸多宝贵的书画收藏鉴赏经验和教训,其中诸多有关书画收藏鉴赏的一些原则、保管、使用、装裱的一些方法和依据,到现在都还具有重要的借鉴意义,值得做出深入的学习和研究,作为书画收藏鉴赏的优秀传承保持下来。米芾认为要以所接触到的收藏实物为前提进行收藏、鉴赏活动,     

北宋金银书《妙法莲华经》卷的修复保护

1986年,史树青、刘光启等先生在青岛讲学时发现胶县博物馆收藏的一卷北宋金银书《妙法莲华经》,随后,在即墨市博物馆找到其余六卷,凑成一部完整的七卷二十八品《妙法莲华经》。2008年,故宫博物院承担了对即墨市六卷《妙法莲华经》的修复,作者在深入了解其经卷历史背景的同时,对修复的难点及技术进行了分析。修复完成后,折痕严重、残损破旧的经卷恢复了平整、洁净的外观,使国宝得到有效的保护。     

纳兰性德收藏过的书画

清代满人纳兰性德娴于汉学,颇多才艺。不仅工诗词,而且善书法,通绘画,精鉴赏。他常和一些擅长书画之道的汉族知识分子相聚在通志堂和渌水亭,婆娑古人法书名画,或临摹,或题咏。通志堂是他的藏书室,渌水亭是他的读书处。其收藏甚富,缥湘满架,室罗古今,“拥书数万卷”,亦收有不少名人书画。这些书画至今大多已散失,但也有幸存于世的。笔者现将所能知道的,有关纳兰性德收藏过的一些书画,列目介绍如下:     

纸质书画的修复与保护——以清《陈嘉言纸本花卉卷》为例

纸质书画文物是中国古代艺术的结晶,是历史面目的真实记录,有着重要的价值。但是,随着岁月的流逝,这些作品同时受内因和外因影响,最终引起纸质书画的损坏。为了保护纸质书画文物,将文物面临的风险降至最低,最大程度恢复文物原貌,以纸质书画文物《陈嘉言纸本花卉卷》为例,试析装裱与修复对书画的保护。此作品原有装潢已经破损,画心部分严重受潮,纸张发霉糟朽,多处残损折裂,画面纸张剥落起翘严重,通过去污、修口、揭褙、隐补、打胶矾、按笔全色等方面对破损纸质书画进行保护与修复。     

周必大书画鉴藏考述——以“家藏”作品的题跋为核心

周必大《庐陵周益国文忠公集》所载题跋多达12卷400余篇,其中有数卷单列为对“家藏御书”和“家藏法帖书画碑刻”的题跋;周另有《跋欧阳修自书诗文稿》和《跋阎立本历代帝王图》两件“家藏”题跋的墨迹存世。本文拟将文献记载与作品实物相结合,以周必大对“家藏”作品的题跋为核心,探讨其中所体现的收藏取向和鉴藏理念,作者认为周必大收藏书画更看重其中的文献价值,而非艺术造诣,由此可进一步探讨士人官员的书画收藏及鉴藏家身份的界定问题。     

书画装裱材料——宣纸形稳定性的研究

为了加强纸质物的保护,对书画装裱材料宣纸的湿形稳性变化规律进行了研究。通过对不同条件下干燥方法对宣纸形变影响的研究,对纸张变形的原因进行了探讨。实验结果表明,宣纸具有随湿度变形的特性,变形程度与纸的纤维组成和干燥方法有关。采用梯度干燥的方式纸张的尺寸稳定性没有明显的改善。厚度和收缩率相关分析说明二不存在相关性。随着纸张干湿交替处理次数的增多,其变形性趋于减小。为提高纸张的形稳性,可预先进行处理。     

石渠宝笈与古代书画鉴定

清代皇家收藏较之私家丰富得多,而且数量超过前期。清内府的书画藏品,都经专人鉴定,尤其是在乾隆时期,曾数次组织书画名家和鉴赏家对藏品逐一进行鉴定和品评,并区别出上等、次等两个等级,分详简逐一著录。由于乾隆皇帝酷爱书画,他本人常以鉴赏家自居,往往喜欢在书画上自加品评、题诗,加盖鉴藏印章。故而,他把清廷内府所收藏过或者鉴定过的书画作品,命大臣记录下来,编成一部专门书籍——《石渠宝笈》。《石渠宝笈》初编,成书于乾隆十年(1745年),共编四十四卷。著录了清廷内府所藏历代书画藏品,分书画卷、轴、册九类。每类分上、次两等,将认为…     

东晋南北朝法书名迹的收藏与整理

收藏名家书迹的行为约于西汉已经出现,东汉酿成风气,至魏晋南北朝时期蔚为风尚,而记录收藏的专门著作则晚到南朝刘宋时期才出现。本文依据南朝及唐朝的书画著作以及史书中的零星记载,试还原东晋南北朝时期公私收藏的状貌。诸如收藏方式,聚敛手段,御府藏品数量、装治形制、押署之制等等,均有论述。     

书画

装裱也称"装潢"、"装池"、"裱背",我国特有的一种保护书画、碑帖的技术。方法是先用纸托裱在书画等的背后,再用绫、绢、纸镶边,然后安装轴杆或版面。成品按形制可分为卷、轴和册页。经过装裱的书画、碑帖,牢固,美观,便于收藏和观赏。明代周嘉冑著《装潢志》,清代周二学著《一角篇》,是系统论述装裱的专门著作。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.