清代西藏的“阿里总管”体制

清代西藏地方政府设置"阿里总管"(噶尔本)一职,作为阿里地区的最高军政长官。其历史可追溯到1680年前后西藏地方政府派出蒙藏联军收复古格旧地之际。早期的阿里总管带有强烈的军事管制性质。18世纪上半期,准噶尔问题突出,在清朝中央的关注与决策下,阿里总管的军事力量得到强化,其权力与地位在西藏政治中举足轻重,成为各方争夺的焦点。珠尔默特那木扎勒之乱后,新组建的噶厦政府为阿里地区最高军政事务的处理确立了双长官领导体制。而1760年代以后,随着准噶尔的平定与清朝中央注意力转移,阿里总管的实权和地位逐渐下降,至清末已不复当年了。     

近十年西藏考古的发现与研究

西藏高原的考古学研究史,可以上溯到西方学者对这一地区的探险与考察活动。17世纪20年代至18世纪40年代之间,欧洲的天主教教士从喜马拉雅山外或我国内地进入到西藏,在阿里和卫藏地区进行传教活动。他们在国外所公布的根据亲身经历和调查所获的有关藏族历史、宗教、民俗等情况的资料,成为西方学者研究西藏的开端。 19世纪后期,由于西方学者研究汉学以及佛教、东方历史与语言形成一种国际风气,先后有英、法、德、俄、意、匈、日等国学者开始从事关于“西藏学”的研究,从而带动了西藏考古工作的陆续开展,并一直持续到西藏和     

西藏社会经济发展撷珠

西藏社会经济发展撷珠索朗阿里开发利用太阳能阿里地区是全国海拔最高的一个地区。素称“世界屋脊的屋脊”。由于海拔高,空气稀薄、空气透明度大,太阳辐射量１８６．４千卡／平方厘米,因此在利用太阳能资源方面具有得天独厚的自然优势。八十年代初开始,在国家和自治区...     

马年我们一起去转山！

对于很多旅行者来讲,西藏都是一个难以抗拒的楚想,而在这个梦想里,阿里又是一个最具诱惑力的地方。今年,对于西藏的阿里地区是一个非常特殊的年份。随着2002年的到来,每12年一轮的藏历马年转山活动即将开始。而转山指的就是位于平均海拔超过4500米,号称“世界屋脊的屋脊”上的西藏最著名的神山:冈仁波齐。     

西藏西部文化之魅力

《中国西藏阿里东嘎壁画》画册的摄影作者是西藏阿里地区行署专员阿布同志。该画册在阿里地区文物抢救办公室的支持下由中国大百利全书出版社出版,现将该画册的前言转载我刊:     

黄新聪:援藏半年妻子说我变黑了变胖了——福建省第力批援藏工作队左贡县委副书记黄新聪

援藏工作是中央政府支援帮助西藏实现跨越式发展的重要方式与途径。西藏和平解放后,中央政府制定了一系列特殊政策和措施,帮助和扶持西藏发展,并动员和组织内地发达地区支援西藏建设。20世纪80年代,中央把立足民族平等、加快西藏发展作为民族工作的重点。1984年中央第二次西藏工作座谈会后,国家对西藏经济支持力度逐年增大,全国性的援藏工程开始。     

五彩阿里——阿里地委副书记、行署专员达瓦扎西访谈

值此新中国成立60周年,西藏民主改革50周年,改革开放30周年之际,我们的记者专程前往阿里,就阿里地区社会经济发展的现状,对阿里地委书记、行署专员,县长等一行官员进行了专访。为读者勾画出一个既拥有神山圣湖等世界级景区,又留下了古格遗址等众多不解之谜的神奇阿里,更重要的是,这里正呈现出基于现实的生机勃勃的发展前景。     

垫状植物

在一般人的印象中,西藏地势高耸,特别是高山和藏北地区,气候酷寒、多暴风雪,可能是不毛之地。早期一些植物学家对藏北羌塘高原也曾有这样的猜测。从19世纪开始,一些外国的植物学家、探险家在西藏进行过考察后发表的报告使人们对西藏、尤其是藏南、藏东南的植物有了初步了解,但对藏北地区的了解还是很少。建国后,经过一系列的科学考察,     

朱宪民：新奇的视角呈现悠远的历史

航拍阿里!印象中还没有见过这个题材的照片!西藏的阿里地区是地球上有人类居住的海拔最高的地区，一千多年前我们的祖先就在这里创造过辉煌；但随着时间的消逝，路途的遥远和冰雪的阻隔，     

美国的学者外交家柔克义与西藏

正明末清初开始前往中国西藏及藏族地区游历或传教的西方旅行家、探险家或传教士中,有人撰写了各种游记或笔记。他们最早记述了西方人对于中国西藏、藏区和藏人的了解,并将其介绍给外部世界。其中有一个给自己起了汉文名字的美国人柔克义(William Woodville Rockhll,威廉·伍德维尔·罗克希尔,1854-1914年),很可能是最早踏上中国西藏土地、最早接触西藏和认识藏族的的美国人。他肯定是当时美国、甚至整个西方世界最权威的藏学家之一。他对于西藏历史、语言和     

评清朝的西藏政策

清朝重新统一西藏后,通过册封、定制、设官、驻军等措施,并扶持达赖、班禅成为西藏的政教领袖,建立了政教合一的噶厦制度,实现了对西藏的有效管理和统治,维护了清朝在西藏的主权和领土完整,其西藏政策对后世产生了深远影响。本文从反分裂主义的角度重新审视清朝的西藏政策,认为清朝的治藏政策重政治、军事,而轻经济、文化,导致西藏与祖国内地的经济文化交流、民族融合明显滞后,为近代西藏分裂主义的产生埋下了隐患。     

论唐宋西南史志及其西部地理认识价值

唐代以前,内地对广袤的西南地区地理了解甚少,且在地域观念上充满陌生、神秘甚至恐怖感。唐宋时期,随着中央王朝对西南地区经略的加强与西部地理之学的兴盛,文人学者对西南地理风物的考察记述明显增多,出现了《蛮书》、《桂海虞衡志》、《岭外代答》、《入蜀记》,《吴船录》、《成都志》、《益部方物略记》等一大批地志名著。这批地志文献不仅在唐宋地理学史上有重要价值,更重要的是多角度对西南地区的物候生态、奇木珍果,金属矿藏、温泉盐井、奇禽异兽、瘿病瘴疫及其农田水利、民族风情等记载,为后世丰富对西南地区地情特色认识,了解与开发西南自然资源与人文地理资源提供了珍贵的历史文献。唐宋西南地志之学的兴盛,不仅标示着唐宋时期西南地区方志学进入了一个新的发展阶段,更重要的是表明内地对西部地区自然地理的认知较之前代有了长足的发展。     

西南边疆政区名称教化功能演变研究

本文认为中国西南地区政区教化色彩名称比例经过了在西汉时期很小、从东汉到明清变大、而民国以后又变小的发展过程。在空间上呈现从四川向云南、贵州民族地区随时代发展比例逐步增大的趋势 ;级别差异上一级政区 (州、道、路、省 )历史上多以山川风物名称为主体 ,而二级政区 (郡、府、州、地区、地级市 )教化色彩名称比例经过了由小变大再变小的发展过程 ,三级政区 (县、县级道、州、军、监等 )变化与二级政区有相似之处 ,只是民国以来比例变小幅度没有二级政区大 ,保持相对的稳定。三级以下政区名称历史上相对较稳定 ,主要以山川风物等名称为主。中国历史上行政区划教化名称的演变与中国传统文化的发展关系密切 ,也与中原汉族文化向周边民族地区发展的轨迹息息相关。元明清时期政区教化色彩名称比例的大增 ,显现了元明清时期中原对西南边疆控制最深入的时代特征。民国以后的比例下降则显现了现代文明意识对边疆民族地区社会文化的影响。     

妙相庄严 辽宁省博物馆藏佛教造像精品展

2009年秋,经过精心筹备,辽宁省博物馆策划推出了＂妙相庄严——辽宁省博物馆藏佛教造像精品展＂。展览共精选了十六国时期至清代的各类佛教造像艺术精品201件（套）,整体分为＂汉传佛像艺术＂和＂藏传佛像艺术＂两大部分,这是新馆开馆后,辽博首次将馆藏众多珍贵的历代佛造像艺术珍品呈现给观众。     

中国省区间的外资R&D知识溢出及其空间差异研究——基于随机前沿生产模型(SFA)的实证

基于随机前沿生产函数构建的区域知识溢出模型,实证分析了中国省区层面的外资R&D空间溢出效应及其差异。结果显示,我国外资R&D活动不仅对本省存在溢出影响,对邻省亦有重要贡献;东部省区同时受益于其东、中部邻省的外资R&D溢出效应,但中西部省区均只从同一区域且邻近省份的外资R&D活动获益。研究还发现,我国三大区域内部均已结成紧密的省际空间联系,外资R&D双向溢出显著;但东部与中部省区的空间关联度不强,外资R&D呈单向溢出格局;而中部与西部之间目前仍存在明显的空间分割特征,造成彼此之间互无溢出。     

Currency Issues and Financial Crises: The Excessive Issuance of Banknotes and Price Fluctuations during the “New Policies” Period in the Late Qing

In the New Policies period of the late Qing, the central government’s power had declined due to an expansion of power at the local-government level. After gaining the right to independently fundraise during the Self-Strengthening Movement, local governments also obtained the privilege of issuing currency. Following a downward trend in China’s fiscal power, the issuance of banknotes by local government had become a noticeable problem. The influence of foreign banks in China, meanwhile, was continuing to expand, the increasing number of countries involved as well as the growing number of banks being just two examples. Because the central government lacked strong supervision, the rate of issuance of banknotes by foreign banks thus gradually increased, leading to growing prices. In addition, this dispersion of financial power further boosted inflation. Since the Qing government focused on reforming its approaches to finance and strengthening its central role during the New Policies, reorganizing its banknote policy was its primary agenda. However, to a large extent, the policy was guided by the idea that monetary policy should be subordinate to financial needs. Thus, the very limited effect of the Qing government’s banknote-reorganization policy also marked the regime’s failure to bring about the modernization of China.     

Lamas,Empresses and Tea: Early Twentieth-Century Sino-British Encounters in Eastern Tibet

At the turn of the twentieth century, the Tibetan plateau was a zone of intense imperial contact—and competition—between British India and Qing China. Even before the 1904 Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa, Indian rupees had become the primary currency of commercial exchange across the plateau, and British explorers had gathered detailed knowledge of both the presumed natural resource bounty of eastern Tibet and the lucrative border tea trade traversing it. This article explores models manifested by these interactions between British and Qing officials, merchants and explorers in the Kham region of ethnographic Tibet and the role empires played in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century global spread of Euro-American norms. Although Sichuan officials directly engaged with administering Kham shared a common perception of Khampa society with their British counterparts, they also recognised the encroachment of Indian rupees and British explorers as challenges to Qing authority, if not a prologue to territorial expansion paralleling the contemporaneous scramble for concessions in coastal China. Beginning with the establishment of the Zongli Yamen in 1861, close Sino-British interaction along two tracks, British ‘lessons’ in statecraft and diplomacy in the imperial capital Beijing and commercial and political actions in the imperial borderland of Kham, provided models for Qing assertion of exclusive authority on the plateau. Two globalising norms inflected in these British models—territoriality and sovereignty—fostered transformative policies in the borderland during the first decade of the twentieth century. Implemented by Sichuan officials, these policies sought to undermine Lhasa's local challenge to Chinese authority via monasteries, thereby legitimising appeal to international law to repel regional challenges from both British India and Russia. This article analyses in depth two examples of these policies in action: a silver coin modelled on the Empress Victoria Indian rupee and a monopoly tea company partly modelled on British Indian tea firms and the Indian Tea Association. Both contributed to weakening the political, social and economic power projected into Kham by British India and Lhasa. The adaptation of these models in Qing policies fostered by the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Sino-British encounter in Kham reveals the conduits through which Euro-American norms of authority were shared, and demonstrates their power to transform relations in the interstices of global power, where empires met empires and states met states.     

Aspects of the Contact between the Sixth Panchen Lama and the British East India Company

This paper summarizes previous research on the contacts between the sixth Panchen Lama of Tibet and the British East India Company (EIC). Extensive research has been done on the archives and travelogues written in English, yet further attention needs to be paid to the significance of these contacts to the Panchen Lama’s historic visit to the Qing court around the same time. Although little is available in Chinese and Tibetan sources on this event, important questions have yet to be raised and discussed. Drawing upon what has been done on this topic, the author makes further use of Tibetan materials and the catalog of Manchu archives in the First Historical Archive of China, and concludes that the plan and efforts for the EIC to open its trade route to China through Tibet were essentially based on wishful thinking or false hope without thorough understanding of Tibet or Qing court, or the delicate relations between the two. Even though the EIC’s late 18th century efforts through the Hindu merchant monk Gosain Purangir were in vain, examining the many contacts between the sixth Panchen Lama and the EIC and Purangir’s trip to Beijing provide a novel perspective on the relations between Tibet and the Qing court in the second half of the 18th century. This inquiry also demonstrates that during the same period, Tibet was not a land of isolation; on the contrary, it was an integral part of “the pre-modern globalization” process.     

山西灵石县静升村明清聚落格局的变迁

聚落格局是历史聚落地理研究较少关注的一个对象。山西灵石县静升村“九沟八堡十八巷”的聚落格局形成历经元末明初各沟巷的初步开发,明中后期至清初的边界拓展与内部扩建,以及清中后期内部格局的充盈及跨河“南侵”三个阶段。这其中地理环境、宗族势力、战乱匪患和国家政策等因素产生了重要影响。静升村的个案研究表明,聚落格局的形成与发展是一个动态变迁的历史过程,而聚落庙宇以及标志性建筑物的创建历史成为考察的重要指标。现今加强乡村聚落格局的研究仍将是中国乡村聚落形态研究继续深入拓展的趋势之一。     

清代统县政区的改革——以直隶州为中心

清代的直隶州曾相当普遍地出现于中国的大多数省份 ,其数量超过了元、明两代。清代前期 ,中央政府对行政区划进行了大幅度的改革 ,明代施行过的复式三、四级政区层次被完全简化成单式的省 -府 (直隶州 ) -县三级制。而在简化层级的同时也实现了府的幅员的缩减 ,进行这一改革的主要手段就是增置直隶州。所以 ,直隶州的调整、变动成了清代前期行政区划改革中的重要方式