History,Culture, and Politics： On Historical Formation and Identity Dilemmas of ＂China＂

This lecture is concerned with some historical issues of ＂China,＂ ＂territory, culture＂ and ＂identity＂ that are placed against the background of politics, culture and scholarship in contemporary China. I want to draw attention to the question of how historians understand and interpret ＂China.＂ It addresses the following questions. First, where did the idea of ＂China＂ come from？ and how did it become a topic of scholarly research？ What kind of dilemmas does ＂China＂ confront in its current condition and historical interpretation？ Second, how do various new historical theories and methods in international academic circles enrich our understanding of ＂China＂？ Third, how does China＇s history and reality challenge the theories of ＂empire＂ and ＂nation-state＂？ Fourth, is it possible to write ＂East Asian history＂？ Does ＂national history＂ prove still effective in describing China or East Asia？     

Restituting Church Buildings and Negotiating Church Factions： Missionary Mapmakers and the Making of Local Networks （1712-1716）

At the turn of the 18th century, the Kangxi emperor initiated a large project to map the vast territories of the Qing. The land surveys that ensued were executed by teams of Qing officials and European missionaries, most of them French Jesuits first sent to China in 1685 and actively supported by the French crown. Early 18th century Jesuit publications foster a much-heralded claim that these missionary-mapmakers drew on their status of imperial envoys during the surveys to locally advance the position of the Catholic church. This article strives to explore the format/on of such local networks by these missionaries as they passed through the cities and towns of the Chinese provinces. On the basis of archival material, details emerge of contacts with local Qing administrators and Chinese Christians, and of attempts to purchase and recover local churches. This is then discussed against the background of the Rites Controversy, in an attempt to evaluate how such local networks relate to the rivalry between missionaries of different orders. The article emphasizes that there was （and perhaps is） no such thing as ＂pure science＂ by underscoring that important technical achievements such as the Qing mapping project are often shaped by complex networks and historical contingencies.     

THE TIBETAN VILLAGE OF NORTH WEST YUNNAN-a basic grammar of local authenticity

This work is the result of a journey in North West Yunnan. The European architects try to identify and explain which the main characters of local authentic architecture are, and to define a basic grammar. Observing the ongoing trends of change, they make comments and give some basic personal suggestions about architectural conservation. Authenticity is not an absolute idea and it should be clear that the following observations come from a European conservationist point of view. The document is written in the perspective of promoting a conservation oriented to tourism development in the area.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EGYPT AND PALESTINE IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE （CA.2000-1550／1500 BCE.）

The relationship between Egypt and Palestine during the Bronze Age has been discussed since the 1940s. For the period of the Middle Bronze Age, the problem is both chronological and interpretative. The end of the Middle Bronze Age is fixed by the initial military activities of Dynasty 18 in Palestine around the end of the 16th century BCE. But the dates for the beginning of this period and the transition from one archaeological phase to another are still debated. Lacking a generally accepted solution, the chronology adopted here is that of Dever --- the transition from MB Ⅰ to MB Ⅱ occurred around 1800 BCE,     

Discussion on the Symbolic Meanings of The Old Man and the Sea

The Old Man and the Sea is a novella which is created by American modern fictions writer Hemingway in 1952. And it is also the author＆#39;s last published novel during his lifetime. Once it appeared, it caused a strong international reper-cussions and set off a burst of＆quot;Hemingway hot＆quot;in literary circles at that time. It tells a story of Cuban fisherman Santiago who did not catch any fish in eighty-four sequential days. And at that case, he finally caught a big marlin by himself. But the fish is too big, he took three days to drag it exhausted and tied up in the side of his boat. However, fortune is fickle, he attacked by sharks repeatedly in the return journey. Finally, he returned to harbour with only a head, a tail and a spine of the fish. In such difficult conditions, Santiago went to sea again with a child.     

GLOBAL HISTORY,ENTANGLED AREAS,CULTURAL CONTACTS–AND THE ANCIENT WORLD

正Intertwined Institutions:Slavery as an Example While Global History and Entangled History are nowadays very much focused on modern times,there is a central area in which ancient history has set the pace for research since the 18th century:slavery.Slavery was common in many parts of the world up to the 19th century,it connected regions that were far apart,and it had drastic repercussions on both the"delivering"and the"receiving"areas.The     

A Former Little Monk Becomes a Star of Tibetan-Comic Performance

With silvery hair and a kindly countenance that clearly shows his 70-plus years, he frequently appears on the streets of Lhasa energeticallyriding a bike. He is well known with locals as a star comic and the famous Tibetan winner in the 4th Chinese Peony Awards, the highest award for comedy duo performance in China.     

Foreword

The year 2002 is the 50th anniversary of the establishment of Shanghai Museum.Through generatinons ofhard working,the Museum has occupied an important plae among the museums all over the world.Aca-demic studies has always been the focus of the Museum's work in the past fifty years,therefore to cele-brate its 50th anniversary Shanghai Museum holds a series of international symposiums including ChineseJade from the Sui and Tang to the Qing Dynasties,Bronzes from the Cemetery of Maquis of Jin,Ancient     

Acrobatics and Other Traditional Folk Events in Tibet

One reason Tibetan culture is rich is that it teems with traditional art forms. Here is an outline of a few of them.Climbing Up PolesBeginning during the Tubo period, this item remains very popular with Tibetans today. Frescoes in the Samye Monastery show there are a dozen ways to climb poles. Generally, a long pole is planted and fastened with four ropes. The performers display their skills at the upper end of the pole, such as "standing upside down,"and "somersault". Frescoes found in th…     

SHEEP, GOATS, PIGS, CALVES AND DUCKS IN THE HOUSE OF THE LADY IN GIRSU （2400 B.C.） —— STUDIES ON OLD SUMERIAN ARCHIVES FROM GIRSU PART 4

In JAC 19, I investigated Lists of Monthly Barley-Wheat Distributions and Allowances （se-gar ziz-gar sa-dug4 itid-da）, with regard to the types and amount of fodder provided to donkeys from the rule of Enentarzi to the end years of Urukagina. In this paper, I found that from Urukagina Year 5, ii （2^nd month）, the daily fodder for donkeys, and the number of types of donkeys, were greatly reduced. Economic decline occurred in the reign of Urukagina, king of Lagash, from the fifth year on, possibly as a result of political decline. The fact that the archive of the House of The Lady ends in Urukagina＇s seventh year may imply that it is in this year that Lugalzaggesi, king of Umma, captured Lagash and Girsu.     

珠海会同村建筑形成的特点和历史艺术价值

Built in the Qing dynasty and has survived most intact among all others in zhuhai city Huitong village is quite a good representation of characteristic buildings of Lingnan culture and a remarkable potpourri of chinese and westem elements that hammonize with nature the present village was rebuilt as a result of collaboration by villagers who went overseas to make their living and made themselves rich ultimately it also seryes as a delightful mix of western and chinese cultural elements,and a miniature of the commprador period.     

The Role of Dreams in Guru Chos dbang's Autobiography: Notes on Dreams in Two Volumes of Guru Chos dbang's Writings

According to the relevant historical documents,Guru Chos dbang is a controversial figure.He is considered one of the five prominent gTer-ston (treasure discoverers) in several chronicles of Nyingma tradition,however,Bu ston Rin chen grub claims in his comments on mantra practice in Tibet that Guru Chos dbang offered perverted teachings and fabricated false treasures.This is a topic of extreme interesting to many researchers,and there are several of works of English scholarship including Janet Gyatso's work on Guru Chos dbang's autobiography analyzing its narrative methods.There is still more remaining to figure out.     

OVER THE WATER AND ACROSS THE DESERT – TRANS-SAHARAN CONTACTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN THE 6TH AND 5TH CENTURY BC

After presenting the picture of Africa in Mediterranean minds of antiquity,this paper seeks by ways of a combined interpretation of the periplus of Hanno and Herodotus’logos on the Nasamones to investigate Carthaginian and Greek knowledge about the trans-Saharan routes und contacts of the 6th and 5th century BC.Further comparison with recent archaeological discoveries from the Iron Age in Senegal,the Niger Bend and Lake Chad illustrate that these sites were the destination of travellers from the North and that universal geographical theses concerning the course of the river Nile provided fundamental patterns of explanation and orientation for ancient explorers.Finally,it is considered why any further explorations both of the Inner African hinterland and the western seaway around the African continent were suspended in Antiquity.     

Rethinking the History and Theory of Jus Publicum Universal: The Formation of China as a "Semi-Civilized" Legal Subject

Much of the existing scholarship on the universalization of nineteenth-century international law has framed it in terms of the imperial West's domination of non-Western societies.This article complicates and qualifies this conventional state-centric narrative by investigating the juridical,capitalist production of China as a "semi-civilized" international legal subject.It examines the foundational modem Sino-British/Westem commercial and extraterritorial treaties,as well as the treatises of a new professional class of British international lawyers-James Lorimer (1818-90),John Westlake (1828-1913),William Edward Hall (1835-94),T.E.Holland (1835-1926),Thomas Lawrence (1849-1920),and Lassa Oppenheim (1849-1920).The juridical production of China as a "semi-civilized" legal subject throws into relief the dual capitalist nature and significance of the universalization of nineteenth-century international law.On the one hand,this "civilized" legal discourse underwrote a novel liberal conception of a universal international law (jus publicum universal) within which China was formally included as a quasi-legal subject.On the other hand,it also underwrote a particularistic,Euro-centric international law,which excluded China from its global domain and denied it basic sovereign fights.In this way also,"civilized" international law justified both formal equality in Europeannon-European treaty relations,as well as the real substantive inequality of these international exchanges of rights and obligations.Building on the critical theoretical work of Evgeny Pashukanis (1891-1937),this article argues that a non-orthodox Marxist social theory of legal forms is best suited to explain the abstract,liberal universalism of nineteenth-century "civilized" international law and the contradictory forms of legal and jurisprudential discourse it made available and rendered normatively meaningful to international law practitioners.Through this Marxist theory,moreover,I shall relate said contradictory discourse to modern commodity exchange practices.     

Gold and Bronze Statues of Buddha IN THE POTALA PALACE

Limalhakang, a small hall in the RedPalace, does not attract the visitorswho pass through the many rooms ofthe Potala Palace. It is narrow andhouses no high statues of Buddha. What'smore, it is not elegantly decorated.Howevef, this is the place that contains themost important statues of Buddha in the PotalaPalace.Buddhism spread from India and CentralPlains to Tibet in the 7th century. Over the past1,300 years, Tibetan Buddhism has flourished.During this period, artisans have created ca…     

Who Said, “Confucius Composed the Chunqiu”? ——The Genealogy of the “Chunqiu” Canon in the Pre-Han and Han Periods

It is often said that “Confucius composed the Chunqiu 春秋 (The Spring and Autumn Annals) to convey the way of the king.” Scholars have long noticed that before the founding of and during the Han Dynasty the phrase that served as the title of the allegedly Confucian work, “Chunqiu,” was also often used to designate history in general. In what intellectual and textual contexts did the term evolve from something general into a specific concept associated with Confucius? What works or ideas did pre-Han and Han scholars have in mind when discussing Confucius’s Chunqiu and the broader “Chunqiu” canon?1 Exploring these questions, the study that follows begins by systematically documenting the occurrences of this term in pre-Han and Han texts. It demonstrates that while Mencius was the first person to associate Confucius’s teachings with the Chunqiu, his statement was a solitary and surprising voice in the pre-Han era. Not until the Western Han Dynasty was Confucius widely heralded as the creator of the Chunqiu. But few scholars are aware that Western Han scholars never strictly distinguished the laconic Chunqiu from the detailed historical knowledge preserved in the Gongyang 公羊, Guliang 谷梁, and Zuo 左 commentaries. Furthermore, as the Chunqiu gained canonical status, the phrase still served as a generic term, referring to various historical narratives. Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚 is famous for claiming that “The Six Classics are all history,” and I shall show that in the minds of the people of the Han Dynasty, all historical works were classics.