朱鹮之乡洋县探宝记

<正>2019年2月9日,农历正月初五,我乘高铁到"朱鹮之乡"——陕西汉中市洋县。开始探寻富有"东方宝石"美誉的国家Ⅰ级保护动物朱鹮。早晨7点左右从北京西站出发,到西安换乘刚刚开通一年多的西成高铁,历时5个多小时抵达洋县西站。从西安到洋县,全程     

允许狩猎的保护区——赛卢斯

早在1896年,德皇威廉二世就将鲁菲济沿岸直到基萨基区的土地命名为“狩猎保护地”,成立了非洲大陆第一个自然保护区.一战结束后,英国取代德国接管了坦噶尼克大陆(坦桑尼亚联合共和国前身).1922年,英国当局将鲁菲济河沿岸4个保护区命名为“赛卢斯保护区”. 之所以命名为赛卢斯,是为了纪念被前美国总统西奥多·罗斯福称赞为“世界上最优秀的狩猎家”的英国人赛卢斯.他不仅是一位猎人、探险家,也是一位自然保护主义者、博物学家、战士和作家.     

Treasure Hunting 101 in America's Classrooms

Abstract

Introducing primary and secondary students to archaeology can build critical thinking skills and provide entertaining activities at the same time. In doing so, however, teachers should take care that they expose their students to archaeology in a manner that accurately represents the methodological and ethical concerns of the discipline. Educators should be vigilant when selecting educational activities, since there are groups of antiquities dealers who sponsor programs to promote political agendas and insensitive attitudes in collecting, which drive looting and the illicit trade in antiquities. One such program is Ancient Coins for Education (ACE), which purports to teach ancient history and archaeology to children by bringing coin dealers and collectors into classrooms to speak about collecting and show children coins. ACE is especially fond of presenting bulk lots of uncleaned coins to their students. Much of the material that ACE purchases or solicits in donations originates in Balkan countries where unlicensed excavation and export is illegal. The Ancient Coin Collectors Guild (ACCG), a lobby of ancient coin dealers, sponsors the ACE program, with clear aims to recruit future collectors, dealers, and sympathizers. It is up to the archaeological community to bolster partnerships with grade-level educators and increase awareness about looting and the subversive tactics that profiteers are now employing.     

Lhobas Retain Hunting Tradition

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时间预算与狩猎采集技术

在史前研究中,我们会发现不同地区的技术会有明显差异。比如在整个更新世,华北地区的旧石器显示不断精致化的趋势,在旧石器时代晚期出现了细石器,并扩散到青藏高原以及整个东北亚和西北美。而华南地区的旧石器技术和类型一直很少变化,以粗大的砾石工业为主。对于这种现象,我们常常从文化传统角度来解释,认为是不同的人群和技术传统造成了这种差异。还有,随着全新世初定居和农耕经济的开始,全球范围内的史前石器技术显示出一种普遍衰退的迹象,比较精致的打制技术被砸击技术所取代。托伦斯这篇文章从时间预算的角度为石器技术差异和变化的解释提供了一个崭新的视角,认为精致技术的发展是在时间压力之下,狩猎采集者为了减少觅食失败而加大技术投入的结果。这种具有时间压力的生存方式一般以狩猎为特点,因为猎物迁徙季节性强或转瞬即逝,所以必须加大技术投入确保狩猎成功,以免空手而归所造成的灾难性后果。这种技术精致的现象往往随纬度升高而越发明显,这是因为随着纬度的升高,猎物资源越趋单一,于是生存的希望完全仰仗技术工具的有效性,所以必须加大技术投入以提高工具的功效。而在南方,食物种类多,互补性强,而且大部分食物为植物,在采集利用上没有时间压力,所以缺乏改善技术和工具的动力。同样,随着人类的定居和流动性减少,生存方式和食物资源发生变化,以前那种要求精致技术的时间压力也随之消失,人们自然也就转向权宜性的石器技术。从这篇文章我们可以体会到人类学理论在考古材料解释上的价值,从生态适应来研究史前技术的差异和变迁,能够使我们从类型学的分析转向对人类行为的深入了解,从而能更好地进行历史的重建。     

Fremont Hunting and Resource Intensification in the Eastern Great Basin

Empirical tests of resource-intensification models argue for diminishing foraging efficiency among hunter–gatherers in California over the past 2000 years (Basgall, 1987,Research in Economic Anthropology9,21–52; Broughton, 1994aJournal of Archaeological Science21,501–514; 1994bJournal of Anthropological Anthropology13, 371–401). The evidence for this long-term trajectory consists of decreases in the abundance of large, high-ranked prey in archaeofaunal assemblages. This paper presents faunal data from Fremont structural sites in the eastern Great Basin and Northern Colorado Plateau as an additional empirical test of resource intensification patterns and compares them to trends in California and the American Southwest. The measure of resource efficiency used is the artiodactyl index (following Broughton, 1994ab), a tool derived from prey choice models of optimal foraging. Faunal data from Fremont structural sites argue that (1) foraging efficiency declined during the Fremont period, and (2) this decline was due to population growth.     

Origins of Procellariidae Hunting in the Southwest Pacific

Small procellariids, mainly petrels, prions and shearwaters, were hunted at their rookeries in various parts of the southwest Pacific during the early historical era. The industries, some of which continue, arose from both traditional, indigenous, practices of prehistoric origin and subsistence necessity in early European settlements. The history and main features of the Tasmanian and southern New Zealand ‘muttonbird’ industries are described, together with brief summaries of those on Chatham, Raoul and Norfolk islands. Procellariid hunting occurred in two different situations, on isolated tropical islands, where its impact was often devastating, and on temperate islands associated with the East Australian Current, a western boundary current like the Gulf Stream. In the latter case, procellariid populations were very large and resilient to predation. In Tasmania, muttonbirds were taken for immediate consumption, but in New Zealand and other Polynesian islands there was preservation for storage. However, a common feature seems to have been the late development of systematic procellariid hunting, possibly because of the relative costs of access to the resource, although other explanations cannot be ruled out.     

Fighting Illegal Hunting of Tibetan Antelopes

TibetanantelopesareuniquetoChina,fallingintothecategoryofani-malssubjecttoStatefirst-classprotection.TheyarepartofthewildlifcinTibet.Inthe1980s,thereweregroupsof2.000Tibetanantelopes.Today,it'sraretoseeagroupofupto100.ThesharpdecreaseintheTibetanantelopepopulationhasalertedtheCentralGovernmentandthegovernmentoftheTibetAutonomousRegiontothefactthatillegalhunt-ingisrifeintheregion.Siginficanteffortshavebeenmadeandarestillbeingmadetostopthiscrhe,tothegreatconcernoftheintemational:community.T…     

巴隆国际猎场散记

巴隆国际猎场坐落在青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州都兰县境内,昆仑支脉布尔汗布达山中。猎场分巴隆、香加、沟里三个猎区。总面积2000多平方公里。是青海省第一家对外开放,集观光、狩猎、科学考察、野生动物保护为一体的大型国际猎场。     

Hunting intensification and the Hohokam “collapse”

The role of long-term demographic stress in the “collapse” of the Hohokam culture of southern Arizona is an open question. If chronic imbalances between population levels and food production, as opposed to catastrophic events, were key factors in the population decline of the 15th century, then the archaeological record should produce evidence for resource stress prior to the near-abandonment of the region. It is difficult to document resource depression in archaeofaunas from southern Arizona, however, because they are dominated by small game throughout the agricultural sequence. Furthermore, in an ecologically and economically diverse region, it is difficult to apply data from an individual site to a region-wide phenomenon like the Hohokam demographic decline. This study uses data from 85 faunal assemblages to explore hunting strategies from the earliest agricultural villages to the cessation of archaeologically visible occupation of the region. One means of hunting intensification employed by the Hohokam was to diversify beyond a focus on staple rabbit species, through the use of fish, birds, artiodactyls, and smaller terrestrial game. Diversification is measured in this study through evenness indices. These indices suggest that demographic stress was increasing in the dense population centers of the Salt and Gila River basins prior to the “collapse.”     

Multiculturalism in Europe and America

Abstract. Although there is a popular discourse about multiculturalism in Europe and North America which suggests that there is a single set of problems, the political problems which multiculturalism addresses are different in these two contexts. As outlined here the problem in Western Europe is that in liberal democracies and social democratic welfare states two questions have to be addressed. One is that of equality, the other the recognition of cultural diversity. As is shown here a number of important European social scientists have feared that the acceptance of cultural diversity will actually undermine important and valued political structures without improving the condition of minorities. In the United States a different set of problems has arisen. While the Civil Rights movement appeared to be helping Blacks to achieve equality in the sixties, by the late eighties there was a sense of disillusion about this process and the emergence of ideologies based upon separatism which appeared to point to the ‘disuniting’ of America. Some of these ideologies were what was being discussed under the heading of multiculturalism. A further contrast has to be made with Canada which is often thought of as an arch-exponent of multiculturalism, but in which all problems of ethnic equality are tied up with the specific problems generated by Quebecois nationalism.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

清代鄂温克族狩猎生产的发展变化

清代鄂温克族狩猎生产的发展变化,主要表现在狩猎生产工具的改进、猎产品的商品化以及因之引起的生产关系的变革。生产效益的提高,商品交换关系的催化作用,推动和促进了鄂温克族狩猎生产的变化过程。     

America in denial

The recent publication of State of denial, by veteran Washington journalist Bob Woodward, created firestorm of controversy over its central claim that the Bush administration is in denial over the severity of the unfolding crisis in Iraq. But one of the most revealing aspects of the book is its portrayal of the American policymaking process as dysfunctional, incompetent and beset by personal rivalries and ambitions. Woodward's account of the Bush administration's handling of Iraq reveals that bureaucratic necrosis, cronyism and internecine warfare between the Pentagon and the State Department are now the signature features of the American government. Thus an alternative reading of Woodward's book suggests that American people are no longer in denial about Iraq, but have yet to reckon with the deeper problem: the deterioration of their foreign policy establishment.     

试析内蒙古地区的狩猎岩画

狩猎岩画是我国北方岩画中一种非常流行的题材,从已发现的大批狩猎岩画中可以看出,在远古时期,我国北方经历了一个漫长的以狩猎经济为主的时期。内蒙古的阴山岩画、乌兰察布岩画、巴丹吉林岩画中狩猎场面占有相当比重,这些岩画记载了我国北方草原民族的历史,向我们传述了远古先民生存的自然环境、经济活动、宗教信仰等信息,反映了草原猎牧人由狩猎经济发展为畜牧经济的历史足迹。从内蒙古地区的狩猎岩画可以看出,居住在这里的远古居民迫于生存需要,很早以前就意识到,肉类食物是身体所必需的重要生活来源,“食其肉、饮其酪、衣其皮”。因此,…     

嘉峪关魏晋古墓砖画中的训鹰狩猎图像研究

嘉峪关魏晋古墓的彩绘砖画直接反映了当时的社会现实生活,具有强烈的时代气息.尤其是训练鹰犬追逐猎物更为生动.它对我们研究古代墓葬礼制、生死观念、狩猎方法、弓箭使用和训鹰狩猎的文化内涵等,提供了珍贵的参考资料.从而提出了在敦煌文化和礼仪环境中理解定型化狩猎图像的意义.本文引用考古资料和文献资料对魏晋古墓彩绘砖画中的训鹰狩猎图像进行了研究分析和阐释.