The mesolithic of Western Europe

Recent investigations of prefarming adaptations during the Mesolithic period in early Holocene Europe have led to significant revision of traditional views. A number of innovations and changes occur, particularly toward the end of the Mesolithic, that permit this time to be described as both dynamic and extraordinary. Permanent settlement and the use of domesticated animals, exchange, and, perhaps, cultivated plants and monumental tombs characterize a number of later Mesolithic adaptations. The transition to the Neolithic is now regarded as the result of in situ developments in most areas of Western Europe, as Mesolithic groups slowly adopted pottery, cultigens, and other characteristics of farming villagers. In this paper, questions regarding chronology, nomenclature, and the definition of terms are addressed initially. Changes in European environments at the close of the Pleistocene and during the early postglacial are considered in terms of major impacts on human adaptation. The central focus of this study is a survey of the Mesolithic in Ireland, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. Recent research projects in these areas are discussed in terms of new approaches and results. An overview of developments in these countries is also presented, emphasizing the transitions from the Paleolithic and into the Neolithic. Concluding remarks address future directions in Mesolithic research.     

中世纪西欧的平等观念

中世纪西欧有非常丰富的平等观念。其最基本的内容可以归结为 :在上帝面前的平等、在基督徒身份面前的平等和在部落成员资格面前的平等。     

Gender and the Family in Pre‐industrial Europe

P. Fleming, Family and Household in Medieval England A. Lynn Martin, Alcohol, Sex and Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe N. J. Menuge (ed.), Medieval Women and the Law P. Skinner, Women in Medieval Italian Society, 500–1200 F. A. Underhill, For Her Good Estates: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh     

On the ISIL attacks in Western Europe and elsewhere

In this guest editorial, the author reflects on the inequitable ways in which ISIL attacks are covered in the media, between the West and the rest.     

Some aspects of the Polar Regions

Die Vegetationsverhältnisse der illyrischen Länder. By Dr. Günther Beck v. Mannagetta, Prag. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1901. 6 plates, 18 figures in text, and 2 maps. Pp. xv + 534.

Finland As It Is. By Harry de Windt, F.R.G.S. London: John Murray, 1901. Pp. 316. Price 9s.

Springtime in the Basque Mountains. By A. L. Liberty. London : Grant Richards, 1901. Pp. 299. Price 12s.

An Artist's Walks in Bible Lands. By Henry A. Harper, author of Walls in Palestine, etc.; with a Photogravure Frontispiece and 55 other Illustrations from Drawings by the Author. London: The Religious Tract Society. Pp. 256. Price 6s. net.

A Geography of Asia, including the East Indies. By Lionel W. Lyde, M.A., F.R.G.S. London : Adam and Charles Black, 1900. Price 1s. 6d.

With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple : Narrative of Four Years’ Residence on the Tibetan Border, and of a Journey into the Far Interior. By Susie Carson Rijniiart, M.D. Oliphant, Anderson, and Ferrier, Edinburgh and London, 1901. Pp. 406. Price 6s.

Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate. By S. Le Strange. Oxford : The Clarendon Press, 1900. Price 16s.

John Chinaman. By E. H. Parker. London : John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1901. Price 8s.

The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell of Leigh. Edited by E. E. Ravenstein. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1901. Pp. viii + 209.

The Land of the Wine. By A. J. Drexel Biddle, F.K.G.S., F.E.S.A., F.R.M.S. London: Funchal, Drexel Biddle, Publisher. Philadelphia and San Francisco. 1901.

The Sherbro and its Hinterland. By T. J. Alldridge, F.R.G.S. London : Macmillan and Co., Limited. New York : The Macmillan Company, 1901. Price 15s.

The Thirteen Colonies. By Helen Ainslie Smith. New York and London : E. P. Putnam's Sons, 1901. Price 12s.     

论中世纪西欧封建主义的政治结构

西欧封建主义的政治结构随着中世纪中期封建主领地的世袭化进程而确立起来。其主要特征是封建权利对公共权利的最大限度的排斥,领主和附庸间的私人契约取代了国家的公共法律,公共权利沦为私下义务。由于领主一附庸间纵向阶梯型网络的破毁,西欧封建国家的领土界限极为模糊,各国君主不仅对内无法实行统一的管理,对外也不能以主权的身份进行平等的交往。因此,在封建主义政治结构之下,中世纪西欧便不存在任何完整意义上的“国际关系”。     

浅析中世纪西欧社会中的三个等级

西欧中世纪社会分为农民、贵族和教士三个等级,他们构成了社会的主体。中世纪西欧社会的等级观念源于日耳曼人的习惯法和基督教相关的教义,等级划分的依据是三类最主要的社会活动:即农业生产、战争和基督教的传教。等级制度构成了中世纪社会的基础,同时也确定了每个等级相应的权利和义务。但等级本身并不是一成不变的,随着经济的发展和社会的演变,三个等级本身都有很大的变量。     

Changing industrial production systems and regional development in the New Europe

The continuing expansion and deepening integration of the European Union is redefining the map of threats and opportunities for both companies and regions in Europe. In this paper I analyze the changing geography of the production system in three industries – automobiles, clothing and steel – as a product of the strategies and tactics of companies, states (at EU, national and regional levels) and trades unions, as they seek to shape geographies of production to favour their interests within this changing European political–economic space. It is argued that the end product of this process will be the creation of new and sharper forms of regional uneven development and qualitative differentiation between regions, as well as a renewed widening rather than further narrowing of regional differences in economic performance and well–being.