花儿流淌在西北人民心里的歌

毋庸置疑,时至今日,人们不会再以花儿是情歌伤风败俗,花儿是"野曲"难登大雅之堂来审视花儿、妄评花儿。也不会用"花椒树上你嫑上,上去时树杈儿挂哩,庄子里去了你嫑唱,胡唱时老汉们骂哩"禁锢花儿的演唱活动。花儿作为口传心授的民歌,一种传统文化的载体,早以广泛的社会生活内容,众多的曲令,特色各异的演唱方式深     

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Masculine Old Women or Feminine Old Men? Rethinking Gender and the Ageing Body in Early Modern English Medicine

This article challenges the almost universal historiographical claim that women's bodies were thought to become increasingly masculine as they aged in early modern English medicine, especially after menopause. It is not surprising that this ‘masculinisation hypothesis’ has endured with very little critical appraisal, as there have been few in-depth studies into medical conceptions of ageing womanhood. Drawing on c.140 English vernacular medical and popular health texts published between 1570 and 1730, this article interrogates and refutes key claims for the corporeal ‘manliness’ of old women. Instead, it argues that while medicine undoubtedly depicted old women and men as growing closer in bodily constitution as they aged, this generic ageing constitution had more ‘feminine’ corporeal attributes than ‘masculine’. Exploring references to ‘effeminated’ old men within medical books, it then questions the impact of these medical gender associations within wider cultural contexts.