20世纪安徽两次农村改革不同命运解析

在当代中国农村改革的历史进程中,安徽具有特殊的地位和影响,先后于20世纪60年代初和70年代末推行了"责任田"和"大包干"的改革。但是,由于政治背景、群众基础、两代领导人态度的不同,两次改革出现了完全不同的命运,"责任田"试行失败,"大包干"推广成功。     

Death of mother and child due to dystocia in 19th century Portugal

While historical documents indicate that complications during pregnancy, labour or soon after birth was a common cause of death in past populations, to date only a few archaeological cases have been reported. Here we present an example, unearthed in a small Portuguese churchyard, of an adult female buried with an infant at her pelvis. The pair appear to have died during labour, as the infant's estimated age at death corresponds to a full term pregnancy, while the distribution of the bones at the adult's pelvic girdle is consistent with birth positioning. The association between the skeletons and their cause of death is analysed, discussed and compared with similar archaeological evidence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A 19th century post‐mortem specimen from Deal,Kent

A disarticulated cranium from a builder's trench displayed clear evidence for surgical removal of the cranial vault. Documentary evidence indicates that the post‐mortem was undertaken between 1812–1869 and the patient was probably a British serviceman. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

19世纪中期俄国发展道路选择问题探讨

19世纪中期在俄国发展道路问题上的斗争并非是普鲁士式道路和美国式道路之争,因为当时俄国并不存在走美国式道路的选项。人数极少的激进革命派鼓动农民革命的目的是要实现具有空想性质的村社社会主义。农民运动在本质上是自发的、无组织的力量,不具有资产阶级性质。新兴的俄国资产阶级自由主义运动不能左右发展道路的选择,因而力促政权进行改革。沙皇政权在发展道路选择问题上具有决定性作用,它采取了相对独立的政策,既没有听命于保守贵族,也没有容忍革命运动和农民运动,而是坚持进行由政权主导的自由主义性质的改革,使俄国走上了资本主义道路。     

从Travel到Tourism--论19世纪英国旅游概念的变易

19世纪初期“tourism”见诸英语,后又取代“travel”的主流地位,标志着英国古典旅行观向现代旅游观的转变。“tourism”概念由于适应了工业文明时代旅游大众化、市场化、产业化的需要,因而从市井俚语上升为20世纪西方旅游理论的主流概念。厘清它与汉语中“旅游”概念之间深刻的文化差异,是中国旅游学界应对西方旅游理论的一大关键。     

十九世纪的华人私会党与马来亚锡矿业

十九世纪马来亚锡矿业的发展与华人私会党息息相关 ,华人私会党力量的消长决定了锡矿业的起落沉浮 ,二者的历史荣衰与共。本文从十九世纪华人私会党对马来亚锡矿业发展的影响这一角度出发 ,分三个时期 (一、十八世纪末至十九世纪四十年代末 :马来亚锡矿业的初步发展时期 ;二、十九世纪五十年代至八十年代末 :华人私会党垄断锡矿业时期 ;三、十九世纪九十年代至二十世纪十年代 ,华人私会党对锡矿业的影响衰落时期 )阐述了华人私会党与马来亚锡矿业之间的关系 ,探讨了私会党对锡矿业发展带来的利与弊。     

18世纪末至19世纪中期英国在印度的“文明使命”

在"文明使命"价值观的指引下,英国人在印度扮演的角色,既是征服者和殖民者,又是统治者和开化者.他们在治理与掠夺印度的过程中,摧毁了印度原有的社会与经济结构,推进了印度社会的近代化,用强力手段将古老的印度拉进了以英国为中心的世界资本主义体系.     

安徽人文传统的特质及成因初探

本文具体论列安徽在中华文化统一的共性下独有的人文特质,并进一步探讨形成这种特质的地理环境、人文背景、战争因素以及屯垦、侨郡等南北对峙时期制度建设等原因。     

18th- and 19th-century shipyards at the south-east entrance to the West India Docks, London

Archaeological fieldwork in 1997 on the Isle of Dogs, at the south-east entrance to the West India Docks, recovered evidence of 17th- to 19th-century shipyards, associated activities and foreign trade. Reused timbers may be the remains of the 17th-century Rolt's yard. Reclamation along the natural inlet was accompanied by the construction of a timber dry dock probably in the late 18th century. This soon fell out of use and was filled in with the construction of new dry docks to the south in 1806 by Thomas Pitcher. Much of the debris dating to the first half of the 19th century from ship repairing and building and from a range of ancillary crafts, together with ceramics from Iberia and the Far East, probably came from Pitcher's yard.     

抗战时期安徽新县制改革研究

抗战初期,新桂系参考广西经验对安徽县政进行了初步改革。1940年起,新桂系安徽省府推行国民政府新县制,内容包括行政机构调整、民意机关创建、国民兵团编整、干训体系完善等诸多方面。改革所带来的基层政权人员与机构的正规化及对地方自治的有限试验,一定程度上推动了民国安徽政治现代化,并为安徽省府进行社会动员、坚持敌后持久抗战产生了积极影响。但由于各种不利因素制约,改革最终未能摆脱近代中国官治吞噬自治的政治窠臼。