The Artist and Space

Abstract

For fifteen years from 1962–1977, scores of artists have walked among the launch pads, conversed with astronauts, space scientists and technicians, taken make-believe rides to the Moon in a simulator, were as close as safety allowed to the space launches, and waited for weeks in mid-ocean aboard an aircraft carrier for the return of the Moon explorers. The author directed this unique art program for almost all the time it was in existence and here reviews its philosophy, the interrelationships between engineers and artists, the difficulties that arose and the rewards which accrued.     

The Emergence of a Story Space

For centuries, the Club War, a popular uprising on Finnish territory in the 1590s, constituted a minor side story in Swedish royal historiography. After the Napoleonic Wars, it was quickly appropriated as one of the most canonical historical events in the emerging Finnish national history. This article argues that, in order to understand the role of the Club War in early 19th-century Finnish historical culture, it is necessary to trace its interpretive tradition backwards in time, across established borders of national historiographies, in a thematic, transtemporal, and comparative framework. The paper will discuss eight pieces of Swedish and Finnish history writing from 1620 to 1860, focusing on the storylines, attributes attached to the protagonists, and historical agency allocated to different social groups against a backdrop of sources available within each context of writing, in order to pinpoint and analyse moments when the story space of the event altered. The article will demonstrate that textual traditions of regions that formerly belonged to multi-ethnic or conglomerate states provide particularly interesting material for transtemporal historiography. Through this case study, the article also argues that Swedish and Finnish historiography of the early 19th century should be studied as one, entangled, textual culture.     

驿马传檄之地鸡鸣驿

<正>早就听说张家口有个叫鸡鸣驿的小镇,一直想去探访,好奇这个明朝驿站会是怎样的所在?去张家口办事刚好路过鸡鸣驿,便拐下高速,走进古城,追思驿马传檄之幽情。小时候,我喜欢集邮。上世纪80年代,我有两枚小型《驿使图》,当时同事说他也想买一张,但他没有购买指标,过了几年,我便同     

Introduction: The Incident at Lathrop Station

Last year the Journal of Supreme Court History published the first part of Justice Stephen J. Field's memoir, Personal Reminiscences of Early Days in California , with a promise to reprint the second half at a later time. ¹ This is the second installment. It is not technically part of the memoir at all. Rather, it is the story of one particular incident: the events that led to the shooting and death of Field's former colleague on the Supreme Court of California, David S. Terry. As you will soon see, the story involves powerful personalities, incredible wealth, sex, violence, and greed. These themes are not unusual in legal history. What is unusual in the story that follows, however, is that judges are the principal players.     

The Exclusion Theorem in the Weberian Space

In this paper we employ a unifying approach to examine the exclusion theorem in a Weberian space under various types of uncertainty: input price or output price uncertainty, transport rate uncertainty, and technology uncertainty. The novelty of our approach is the usage of second-order conditions and comparative static analysis in the derivation of conditions for thevalidity of the exclusion theorem. Our main results are new and some are generalizations of those obtained in prior studies.     

Berlin: The Metropolis as a Production Space

Metropolitan regions can be regarded as economic areas comprising various sub-economies with different forms of economic and spatial organization. The purpose of this article is to undertake a critical appraisal of the vision of Berlin as a 'service metropolis' through empirical observation of sectoral trends and locational patterns in the city, and to establish that Berlin's urban area is a major production space with a complex fabric of specialized production districts. This spatial organization will be examined in terms of the level of agglomeration of various sub-economies with special reference to the formation of local enterprise clusters in the Berlin economic area. Berlin's specialization profile and the employment trend in the city compared with other metropolitan cities in Germany make it clear that the metropolis of Berlin is under threat as a production space, and this threat partly stems from the way in which the real estate business has developed in the Berlin area.     

The Space Shuttle Its Interdisciplinary Design and Construction

Abstract

Major astronautical endeavors like the Space Shuttle Program apply the current state of progress in engineering, technology and art, as well as today s sophisticated administrative, economic and pOlitical systems. This review discusses the scope of scientific and engineering disciplines involved in the design and construction of the Space Shuttle – the world's first reusable space transportation system — now approaching flight readiness. Some background material is presented describing early concepts that led to the Shuttle design — the evolution of rocketry and manned orbital vehicles. Next, Shuttle operations and capabilities are explained. Shuttle system development is used to illustrate how the diverse technological disciplines were integrated — a function that has been maturing over the year into the process of systems engineering. Some of the Shuttle's complex subsystems and challenging requirements are discussed in detail to exemplify the coordination of elements associated with systems engineering: aerodynamics, propulsion structural design, data processing and software, simulation exercises, crew training, verification testing and mission control. Future space programs are discussed, including concepts for extending Shuttle usage and capabilities, and some long-range ideas for exploiting the space frontier. (An alphabetic listing of acronyms used in this review is added as an appendix.)     

The Political Organisation of Space: A Reformist Conception

This paper outlines four primary functions of the political organisation of space—participation, representation, service delivery and control It argues that there are inherent conflicts in the maximisation of these functions and that political geographers have paid insufficient attention to the degree to which territoriality implies a pre-eminence of the control function. It is suggested that a ‘reformist’ conception of political geography is necessary in order to evaluate the extent to which this actually occurs and to make the sub-discipline more policy relevant.     

对城市社会-生活空间的本体解构

根据国外著名学者的观点与权威性文献总结国外地理学社会论(学派)形成与发展的思维观,重点探讨城市社会-生活空间理论的思想与方法论,并力图用概念化结构模式(图)表示出来,作为理解城市社会-生活空间本体构成,以及进一步对其研究的解构理念。全文从地理学社会论创立解剖社会空间的思想观逻辑,预示城市社会-生活空间规律的研究代表了当今人文地理学前沿理论水平的重要方面。     

The Paris Sewers and the Rationalization of Urban Space

Sewers are perhaps the most enigmatic of urban infrastructures. Most citizens of modern cities are aware of their existence, yet few could accurately describe their layout or appearance. This paper takes as its starting point a key moment in the cultural representation of urban space: the photographs of the Paris sewers taken by Félix Nadar in the early 1860s. These images capture a dramatic transformation in subterranean Paris, initiated in the early 1850s by Baron Georges Haussmann and his chief engineer Eugène Belgrand as part of the comprehensive reconstruction of the city's infrastructure during the Second Empire of Napoléon III. This paper argues, however, that with respect to the underground city, we cannot consider the Haussmann era to be the unproblematic epitome of modernity. The reconstruction of subterranean Paris revealed a series of tensions that were only to be resolved in the post-Haussmann era in response to the combined influence of growing water usage, the persistent threat of disease and changing conceptions of public health policy. It is concluded that the flow of water in Second Empire Paris is best conceived as a transitional phase in the radical reworking of relations between the body and urban form engendered by the process of capitalist urbanization.     

The Hare Krishna's Transformation of Space in West Virginia

This study examines the transformative process of turning unordered space into cosmos, or place imbued with meaning. Through integration of specific physical qualities of a particular location into a traditional Hindu perspective of a sacred place and by performance of symbolic acts such as meditation, worship, founding and settling a site and the building of Prabhupada's Palace of Gold, the Hare Krishna have established a temple-oriented spiritual commune on a West Virginia landscape.     

The Location Invariance Theorem in Weberian Space Under Uncertainty

This paper examines the validity of the location invariance theorem in Weberian space under various types of uncertainty. The main results are: Given that the firm's location is constrained to remain at a specified distance from the output market, the optimal location is invariant to any change in product demand if and only if the production function is homothetic for a firm facing demand price uncertainty, or if the production function is homothetic and both inputs are risk-neutral for a firm facing technological uncertainty. Alternatively, given that the distance from the firm's location to the output market is a variable, location invariance occurs for a firm facing demand price uncertainty if the production function is linear homogeneous. In the presence of input price uncertainty the optimal location always varies with a change in product demand. The results can include those previously obtained for linear stochastic location models as special cases and some are new contributions to the literature.     

Stories in Space: The Geographies of Children's Literature

This paper argues for the uses of children's literature in the study of children's geographies. It focuses in particular on the nature of representations of urban space in children's literature, a genre more usually connected with the pastoral and explores the narrative strategies and approaches of children's literature which does venture into the city. I propose five modes in which the city is written for children and ask, from the position of literary criticism which distrusts children's stories' ability to speak for children, how far these modes can be said to coincide with children's lived experience of the city.     

The Convertible Saint: Expeditus through Time and Space

Expeditus, a Roman soldier who was for centuries simply a name on a list of early Christian martyrs, took on new life in the late eighteenth century in a Catholic cult that expanded greatly in the late nineteenth century and has continued to spread since then. His name linked him with time and the answering of prayers for urgent causes in particularly modern ways, despite growing scholarly scepticism about him. His unforgettable image — a Roman soldier crushing a crow or raven underfoot — has been adopted by Italian fascists and practitioners of Haitian vodou, among many others. Expeditus?s popularity on the internet is only the latest version of this unusual devotion.