新教材，新教法

根据新教材的特点和未来社会对学生的要求,教师要认识和了解社会的发展和变革,要用全新的眼光来看待我们国家的课程和教材的改革,更要加强学习,转变我们的教学观念,在教学过程中要从教材、学生等方面获取各种信息,正确引导学生认真学习,学会学习,充分体现学生的主体地位。     

Military doctrine,command philosophy and the generation of fighting power: genesis and theory

Military doctrine is one of the conceptual components of war. Its raison d'être is that of a force multiplier. It enables a smaller force to take on and defeat a larger force in battle. This article's departure point is the aphorism of Sir Julian Corbett, who described doctrine as ‘the soul of warfare’. The second dimension to creating a force multiplier effect is forging doctrine with an appropriate command philosophy. The challenge for commanders is how, in unique circumstances, to formulate, disseminate and apply an appropriate doctrine and combine it with a relevant command philosophy. This can only be achieved by policy‐makers and senior commanders successfully answering the Clausewitzian question: what kind of conflict are they involved in? Once an answer has been provided, a synthesis of these two factors can be developed and applied. Doctrine has implications for all three levels of war. Tactically, doctrine does two things: first, it helps to create a tempo of operations; second, it develops a transitory quality that will produce operational effect, and ultimately facilitate the pursuit of strategic objectives. Its function is to provide both training and instruction. At the operational level instruction and understanding are critical functions. Third, at the strategic level it provides understanding and direction. Using John Gooch's six components of doctrine, it will be argued that there is a lacunae in the theory of doctrine as these components can manifest themselves in very different ways at the three levels of war. They can in turn affect the transitory quality of tactical operations. Doctrine is pivotal to success in war. Without doctrine and the appropriate command philosophy military operations cannot be successfully concluded against an active and determined foe.     

The Windrush generation

The Windrush generation have contributed in many ways to the British economy and to British culture. What is the background to the scandalous abandonment of these migrants in recent times?     

New methods for the identification of evidence for bitting on horse remains from archaeological sites

This article describes alterations to equid lower second premolars and diastemata from a series of known life history equids and a number of archaeological horse specimens from the British Iron Age. Two new methods for recording bit wear are proposed involving the analysis of the extent and morphology of enamel/dentine exposure on the anterior edge of LP2s and analysis of the extent of new bone formation and bone loss to the diastema of the mandible. It is suggested that when a bit is used on a horse it acts more frequently on the anterior margin of the LP2 than has previously been thought and that repeated contact between the bit and the LP2s and diastemata results in recognisable damage to these areas of the mouth.     

Imperial power, gentry power and clan power: Western and Chinese cultural traditions in a comparative perspective

The differences between China and Western countries in human and physical environment has brought about two distinctive models of state. In the Chinese-style state of quasi-consanguinity, in which family and state have a similar structure, imperial power, gentry power, and clan power are the product of common ownership of consanguineous groups. The similarity in the structures of these three kinds of power derives from the fact that they are all restricted by the power of lineage generated from the self-sufficient small farmer economy, and must obey the conventions of ancestors which hold the benefits of the group as supreme. The relationship between these three kinds of power, is definitely not the one that is based on the division of power that is founded on individual private ownership in Western countries, where ‘public power’ and ‘individual private ownership’ are antithetic, but are three aspects of the patriarchal dictatorship that complement each other. Therefore, village rule in China and autonomy in the West are two totally different concepts, and gentry power is also not the ‘authorized power’ from the state. __________ Translated from the Journal of Tianjin Normal University, 2004: 1     

Transfer of power in Burma

Burma: The Struggle for Independence 1944–1948. Volume I: From Military Occupation to Civil Government, 1 January 1944 to 31 August 1946 edited by Hugh Tinker, assisted by Andrew Griffin. HMSO, 1983. Pp. cxxxv + 1,078, index, two maps. £95.     

关于中国资产阶级的产生与形成

文章主要从马克思主义的历史唯物论和中国近代的历史事实论证了中国资产阶级是和工人阶级同时产生的,以及资产阶级的形成过程.文章首先从历史唯物主义理论论证了工人阶级和资产阶级是同一对矛盾中的对立统一关系,是从小生产者的分化中同时产生的,不分先后.接着从中国历史事实指出:中国最早的工人阶级虽然受雇于外国资本家,但不是由外国资本家直接雇佣的,而是通过中国买办雇佣并由买办直接管理的,买办与外国资本家结合在一起,对中国工人实施剥削.因此中国买办就是资产阶级,故与工人阶级同时期产生.文章最后阐述了资产阶级的成长壮大过程:1869年以后一些地主、官僚、富商投资民营企业和洋务派的民用企业,使资产阶级队伍有所壮大.随着戊戌维新的开展和辛亥革命派的形成,标志着资产阶级上层和中下层已相继觉醒,登上政治舞台,逐步成为自为的阶级.     

2014,旅行新能量

<正>美国波士顿公园绿道系统有个很美的名字——翡翠项链。它被公认为世界城市史上第一条真正意义上的绿道,像一条串连着波士顿的公园、林地、水景、野生动物栖息地的绿色项链。"绿道",顾名思义就是绿色的田园道路,没有城市道路中汽车尾气的污染,也没有普通乡间小道的崎岖难行。它融绿色、休闲、生态、低碳于一体,是与人为开发的景观相交叉的一种自然走廊。