Malaysian Electronics: The Changing Prospects for Employment and Restructuring

The electronics industry in Malaysia was assigned a central role in creating urban jobs for the indigenous Malays and restructuring their employment from low- to high-paying activities. The initial labour-intensive phase generated jobs but failed to provide openings for Malays higher up in the occupational hierarchy. In the current phase, a buoyant economy makes job creation per se less important; but the growing technological sophistication in the industry threatens to undermine the restructuring of Malay employment because many Malays lack the critical skills necessary to take advantage of this development. This article reviews these issues and suggests policy initiatives.     

Export-led Technology Development in the Four Dragons: The Case of Electronics

To date, little attention has been paid to the strategies of local firms in bringing about industrialization in Bast Asia. This article focuses on the methods by which domestic firms utilized foreign connections to overcome technology and market barriers in electronics. A simple market-technology model is developed as a first approximation of how domestic technology assimilation relates to export marketing in the four ‘Dragons' of East Asia (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore). It proposes that export demand shaped the pace and pattern of technological progress in electronics in each of the four Dragons. Historical evidence shows that each country used a distinctive mix of direct and indirect export mechanisms to acquire technology and to enter international markets. Foreign buyers, transnational corporations (TNCs), original equipment manufacturer (OEM) arrangements, joint ventures and licensing deals were exploited by ‘latecomer’ firms to their market and technology advantage. Asian firms progressed from simple assembly tasks to more sophisticated product design and development capabilities, travelling ‘backwards' along the product life cycle of traditional innovation models. Today, leading Asian firms invest heavily in R&D and engage in partnerships with TNCs to acquire and develop advanced new electronics technologies. The technological progress of latecomers remains closely coupled to export demand through OEM and other institutional arrangements.     

Geographical Applications of Remote Sensing

A review of remote sensing applications in geographical research, based mainly on United States publications.     

Archaeological Applications of the Electra-Level

Abstract

The Electra-Level is a leveling device with applications in field archaeology. It offers advantages over the line level and optical leveling instruments in situations where visibility, obstructions, or shortage of personnel are factors. Some specific applications in archaeological fieldwork by Boston's City Archaeology Program are described.     

Competitiveness and Technological Upgrading in Global Value Chains: Evidence from the Indonesian Electronics and Garment Sectors

Indonesia is a rapidly growing and internationally competitive economy that is well integrated into globalized production systems. The global value chain (GVC) model has proven to be a popular analytical framework to explain how global lead firms structure and organize global production through dispersed global suppliers. Indonesia's leading export sectors, garments and electronics, are well integrated into GVCs. Engagement in GVCs, often led by leading global brands, is seen as a basis for local producers to become globally competitive and to grow. It also comes with challenges—local producers must meet the demanding pressures from lead firms on prices, on-time delivery, product quality, and social, environmental and labour standards. The possibilities for local producers to learn, acquire new capabilities and upgrade to enhance their competitiveness are often conditioned by the nature of ties that they have with their global lead firms. Yet, this paper argues, the GVC model fails to recognize agency on the part of local firms in this learning process. Moreover, particular forms of governance arrangements within GVC ties can restrict the prospects for local producers to enhance capabilities and upgrade. Drawing on selected case study evidence from the Indonesian garments and electronics sectors, the paper explores the relationship between distinct types of GVC engagements and firm-level learning and upgrading, and considers how some GVC ties may restrict upgrading.     

Applications of Mathematics to Population Geography

Three levels of application of mathematics are considered in order of increasing complexity. The first level involves measurements of processes and phenomena, the second the derivation of empirical relationships, and the third the construction of deductive models reflecting the basic mechanism of processes and phenomena. Examples of the three levels are given: Boyce's city-shape index illustrates the first; and Clark's formula for population density within cities is given as an example of the second. The second level is also illustrated by Medvedkov's procedure for forecasting the interplay of natural and mechanical movement of population, involving the use of matrix algebra. On the third level, Medvedkov constructs models of flows of pedestrians doing their shopping on their way home from work to determine an optimal distribution of retail outlets.     

Applications of the Location Set-covering Problem

The location set-covering problem is extended to apply to three new situations. (1) The demands are assumed to occur continuously alone arcs of a network. (2) A mobile unit departs from one of the locations to be chosen and picks up the demand, providing service at a still more distant point. (3) New demands and sites occur over time.     

《史记》电子资源述评

目前所见的比较流行的电子版文献如《四库全书》、《汉籍全文检索系统》、《国学宝典》、《二十五史多媒体全文检索系统》、“汉籍电子文献”中的《史记》有着各自的功能和特点,一些比较常用的可在internet上进行《史记》在线阅读或下载的网站和软件,存在一定的问题,我们可进行多方面努力克服这些缺陷,古籍资源的电子化将有更大的发展空间。     

档案管理工作中电子信息的利用和开发

对于电子信息只有根据信息的类别进行管理,同时要符合保密、真实和完整的要求,才能确保电子信息的完整性和安全性。本文从存档电子信息的收集、保存、提供等角度,探讨了电子信息在现代档案管理中应该注意的问题。     

旅游信息与电子商务实验室架构研究

本文所论述的旅游信息与电子商务实验室架构,是在开源软件系统上基于C/S与B/S的混合计算模式搭建的.它涵盖了旅游地理信息系统、管理信息系统以及电子商务等旅游信息类课程的多种实验,包括了服务端面向对象开发、网络数据库开发、电子商务支付、认证以及网络管理等内容,为教学、研究与项目开发构建了理想的实验环境.     

遗传基因技术与三峡考古实践

遗传基因技术是新兴起的前沿学科领域,将这一方法应用于三峡考古的实践在国内还是首次。本通过对重庆库区石地磅汉代墓地出土人类遗骨基因的采样、测试和分辨,得出了墓主人可能是南方土居民初步认识,这一认识与考古类型学分析结果可以互证。     

中国社会主义现代化与市场化有机耦合的历史分析

中国社会主义市场经济模式的创新,不仅在于社会主义基本制度与市场经济的结合,而且还在于社会主义现代化与市场经济的有机耦合,这一结合是通过两者的互动逐步实现的。决定这一互动演变过程的主要因素是由世界新科技革命引起的中国现代化双重使命与传统计划经济体制的矛盾和冲突的发展,实现社会主义初级阶段现代化的双重使命始终成为贯穿着这一矛盾运动过程中的主导方面。世界新科技革命引发的当代中国先进生产力的发展要求,则是中国社会主义现代化与市场化日益有机耦合的最深刻的根源和纽带。两者的有机结合,使我国终于找到了一条既符合本国国情又顺应世界潮流的现代化建设道路。     

Living Mesolithic Time: Narratives,Chronologies and Organic Material Culture

British and Irish Mesolithic studies have long been characterized by a reliance on broad-scale lithic typologies, both to provide chronologies, and in discussion of ‘cultural’ groups. More recently, traditional narrative structures—period definitions of ‘Early’ and ‘Late’, or culture typologies—have been complemented by a host of other evidence. This has included new studies of site stratigraphy, evidence for seasonality, and material culture chaîne opératoire chronologies, which place a greater emphasis on both temporal precision and the lived experiences of Mesolithic peoples. This paper will consider how the study of organic artefacts forces these narrative scales into acute focus, and presents an opportunity to explore the challenges in synthesizing different forms of data. We discuss how the evidence from sites in Ireland and Britain allows for new approaches, and highlight some of the challenges that this evidence presents, not least the perennial issue of moving from site-specific data to broader narratives. While the nature of earlier prehistoric evidence makes this an especially obvious issue for Mesolithic studies, it is one which generally besets archaeology. We suggest that in order to move beyond this in earlier prehistoric studies specifically, we need to make better use of all evidence sources, however seemingly prosaic, including antiquarian collections in museums, and chance and casual finds. Only by including the raft of available data, and recognizing its utility beyond the sum of individual apparently uninspiring parts, can we begin to move from generalizing narratives to more nuanced archaeological understandings of past material worlds.     

Some Magical Applications of Brooms in Japan.

HAUNTED ENGLAND. By CHRISTINA HOLE. London : B. T. Batsford. 1940. Pp. viii + 184. ios. 6d. Reviewed by M. M. Banks.

SAINT PAUL OF LÉON. By the REV. CANON GILBERT H. DOBLE. Cornish. Saints Series No. 46. 1941. Pp. 72. 2s. 6d. Reviewed by M. M. Banks.

THE FOLKLORE OF ALCOHOLISM. By J. D. ROLLESTON, M.D., M.A., F.R.C.P., F.S.A. British Journal of Inebriety, July–October 1941. Reviewed by L. F. Newman.     

从赋税来源与用途看英国近代议会与税收

16世纪始,英国处于由封建社会向近代社会转型的过程中,其税制相对完备。主要表现为议会掌握着税收大权:一方面,赋税的征收权由议会掌握,国王要征税需征得议会同意。另一方面,赋税的开支和使用亦由议会监督。倘若有国王试图与议会争夺赋税大权则必然招致议会和全国人民的反对而最终失败。在议会掌握税收大权的背景下,赋税的用途亦有所变化,开始了由主要用于战争向用于政府日常开支和社会福利支出的转变。本文试图从都铎王朝、斯图亚特王朝和光荣革命后三个时段阐述英国赋税的来源与用途及与议会的关系。通过对英国近代赋税来源与用途的分析,了解现代化税制的建立对英国成为世界上第一个现代化国家的重要意义,从中汲取可资借鉴的成果。