Bits,bytes and the Byzantinist: databases reviewed

Abstract

A computer is a machine which can receive, store, manipulate and yield up information. The use of computers can be traced back to c.1812 when Charles Babbage conceived his first main idea for automatic computation, but it is clear that development has been rapid and widespread especially in the last 20 years. Computers were originally developed for performing numerical calculations. However, although most forms of information can be translated into numbers, it is important to realise that computing today is no longer confined to numerical work. One of the most interesting and significant developments of the use of computers to research and teaching in the humanities is the growing body of material which has been put into machine-readable form. For example, censuses, parish registers, wills and accounts have been input to a computer, increasingly in the form of a structured database.     

An Enhanced Finite Element Macro-Model for the Realistic Simulation of Localized Cracks in Masonry Structures: A Large-Scale Application

ABSTRACT

Finite element macro-modeling approaches are widely used for the analysis of large-scale masonry structures. Despite their efficiency, they still face two important challenges: the realistic representation of damage and a reasonable independency of the numerical results to the used discretization. In this work, the classical smeared crack approach is enhanced with a crack-tracking algorithm, originating from the analysis of localized cracking in quasi-brittle materials. The proposed algorithm is for the first time applied to a large-scale wall exhibiting multiple shear and flexural cracking. Discussion covers structural aspects, as the response of the structure under different assumptions regarding the floor rigidity, but also numerical issues, commonly overlooked in the simulation of large structures, such the mesh-dependency of the numerical results.     

Simulation of Shake Table Tests on Out-of-Plane Masonry Buildings. Part (III): Two-Step FEM Approach

ABSTRACT

This article presents numerical simulations of two full-scale masonry structures which were tested on the shaking table within the scope of the workshop “Methods and challenges on the out-of-plane assessment of existing masonry buildings”. The numerical models have been developed on the basis of the blind-prediction models which have been improved after the publication of the test results. The solution procedure is divided into two steps with separate numerical simulations for each one. In the first step the collapse mechanism of the structure is determined by means of pushover analysis using a continuum, plasticity-based model. In the second step the dynamic response of the structure is simulated using a multibody model approach and frictional contacts. Results of the tests show reasonable, yet far from perfect predictive capabilities of the used numerical methods.     

Special Studies: Naturally Deposited Versus Intentionally Applied Gypsum on Archaeological Materials from Harappa,Pakistan

Abstract

White deposits on archaeological vessels excavated at Harappa, Pakistan, were identified by x-ray diffraction analysis as pure gypsum. Because of the evenness and location of the layer it appeared to have been intentionally applied. But since we were aware that the site has an extreme salt problem there was a possibility that the layer was a post-depositional accretion. Through the comparison of x-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensities and the crystal morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it was determined that natural and intentionally calcined/hydrated gypsum could be differentiated. This study should help archaeologists and conservators distinguish burial deposits from intentionally applied gypsum on archaeological material.     

Simulation of Shake Table Tests on Out-of-Plane Masonry Buildings. Part (VI): Discrete Element Approach

ABSTRACT

Although many experimental tests and numerical models are available in the literature, the numerical simulation of the seismic response of existing masonry buildings is still a challenging problem. While the nonlinear behavior of masonry structures is reasonably predictable when the out-of-plane behavior can be considered inhibited, when the in-plane and out-of-plane responses coexist and interact, simplified models seem unable to provide reliable numerical predictions. In this article, taking advantage of the experimental tests carried out in a shaking table on two masonry prototypes at LNEC, a macro-element approach is applied for the numerical simulations of their nonlinear response. The adopted approach allows simulating the nonlinear behavior of masonry structures considering the in-plane and out-of-plane responses. Since it is based on a simple mechanical scheme, explicitly oriented to representing the main failure mechanisms of masonry, its computational cost is greatly reduced with respect to rigorous solutions, namely nonlinear FEM approaches. Two modeling strategies are adopted, namely a regular mesh independent from the real texture of the prototypes and a detailed one coherent with the units disposal. The numerical results are discussed and the correlation between the nonlinear static analyses and the dynamic response is provided.     

Teaching mathematics in geography degrees: Motivation,necessities and approach

Abstract

Within the constraints of viewing geography as an applied discipline with a large number of arts‐based students, the primary problem of teaching mathematics in a geography degree is argued to be one of contending the motivation for a symbolic and analytical approach. This paper explores ways in which motivation for mathematics can be impressed on students and then discusses those areas of mathematics necessary in geography. The final section explores an applied approach to mathematics teaching based on the concept of systems.     

Smell: A Challenge to Interdisciplinary Science

Abstract

The sense of smell remains an intractable problem and a challenge to interdisciplinary sciences. Not only are there no primary odors or periodic table of scents but there are no satisfactory numerical identifications by visual, auditory or somesthetic methods of measurement. A particle-wave relation may exist to reconcile the correlation of many odors with infrared spectra, but the vibrational theory of smell is currently out of fashion. Structure-activity relationships have been studied in human olfactory processes and have yielded perfume compounds of great value to commerce. Research on pheromones is intense to control insects, and the further study of human pheromones may even reveal an unsuspected communications system. At present, interdisciplinary sciences can well be guided by the artist-perfumer for what seems a millennium of research in molecular biology.     

Computer Use in Pottery Studies at Aphrodisias

Abstract

This article is intended primarily for archaeologists who may know little about computers, but suspect that the computer might be useful to them in their research. The emphasis is on the application of the computer to ceramics at the site of Aphrodisias, Turkey, where this system of field recording has evolved. The excavations at Aphrodisias have unearthed a relatively continuous stratigraphic sample of pottery from the Chalcolithic through to the Roman and Byzantine periods. This rich and varied corpus of material culture is now being analyzed with the aid of the computer. This article familiarizes the reader with the problems, methodology, and computer mechanics used to retrieve these data and shows how such a system can be used when a direct tie-up with a computer is impossible.     

Site Charting and Environmental Studies of the Monitor Wreck

Abstract

Marine geological and geophysical techniques have been applied to studies of the Monitor wreck to chart the fragments of the wreck and to determine the corrosion state of the remaining iron and the state of the geological and oceanographic environment in the immediate area of the wreck. Methods included magnetic surveying of the wreck site, computer calculations of the magnetization of the Monitor iron, and comparisons with magnetic measurements on iron artifacts from the wreck. Piston coring of the strata immediately beneath the wreck and near-bottom current measurements revealed evidence on the sedimentation rates and sediment transport at the site; these data confirmed interpretations made from high-resolution subbottom reflection profiles across the site.     

THE CHRONOLOGY OF MONKS MOUND

Abstract

Monks Mound is the largest single Native American construction in North America. The mound sits at the center of the Cahokia site, and interpretations of its construction and use are fundamental for understanding how Mississippian peoples created mounds and landscapes. In the past, researchers speculated that Monks Mound was both one of the oldest and longest-lived monuments at Cahokia. Using a Bayesian computer model that incorporates both archaeological information and radiocarbon dates, I argue the mound is younger and was built more rapidly than previously thought. The mound likely was built in two very rapid efforts spanning fewer than twenty years. This analysis shows Cahokian society could mobilize vast quantities of labor for short periods, which may have inhibited institutionalized, transgenerational sociopolitical hierarchies.     

Simulation of Shake Table Tests on Out-of-Plane Masonry Buildings. Part (V): Discrete Element Approach

ABSTRACT

The analysis of the shaking table test of a 3-wall stone masonry structure performed with a discrete element model is presented. The numerical model, created with the code 3DEC, employed a rigid block representation and a Mohr-Coulomb joint model. Joint stiffness calibration to match the experimental natural frequencies is discussed, as well as the boundary conditions to simulate the shake table. Comparisons are made with the measured displacements at key locations, and the modes of deformation and fracture of the walls. The DEM model was able to reproduce important features of the shaking table tests. The experimental deformation and near collapse patterns were clearly identifiable in the numerical simulations, which produced displacements within the observed orders of magnitude, for the various levels of excitation.     

The Meaning and Purpose of Interdisciplinary Studies As Applied to Development Economics

Abstract

There are three distinct reasons for interdisciplinary work in development studies. First, specialists in different disciplines may work together on a specific practical planning problem. Second, assumptions, concepts or method evolved in one discipline may yield fruitful results when applied to the problem previously treated by another. Third, the concepts, model and paradigms may have to be recast so as to encompass variable previously separated in distinct disciplines because of tbe demand of the social reality of a different culture. This is illustrated with the concept ‘capital'. There is a conservative and a radical version. In the former, new wine can be poured into old bottle; in the latter, wholly new concepts and models must be constructed.     

Beginning geography: a human and technical perspective

Abstract

A first course in human geography has been designed for majors and students from the more technical fields at university. It is built around five computer exercises, none of which require any programming or computer skills. Problems and exercises are designed to enhance carry‐over skills and humane awareness.     

The Norse settlers in Greenland: The physical anthropological perspective

Abstract

Recent studies of the Norse settlements on the west coast of. Greenland, which point to theories of biological adaptation, have emphasized the need for a comprehensive physical anthropological investigation of the Norse skeletal material, especially along the lines of paleodemography. The material, comprising the remains of app. 350 individuals, is presently stored at the University of Copenhagen. As the first step in a major investigation, the material has been incorporated into a computer database, linking anthropological and archaeological data. The aims of such a major physical anthropological investigation are presented here.     

Writing and the PhD student

Abstract

A geography degree course at the University of Huddersfield, which has always had an applied, problem‐solving emphasis, has evolved to include a substantial student work‐experience element. Designed to achieve the benefits of applying skills within the management structures and context of a firm or organisation, it was offered as a deliberate alternative to the dissertation. A changing educational environment has led to both the work experience and the dissertation being compulsory. An evaluation of their merits helps to identify the issues involved in requiring students to complete both elements.     

Electronic Information Management in the Social Sciences

Abstract

The use of the computer and its capabilities in the social sciences – psychology, sociology, economics, political science and history – are here discussed. It is suggested that the computer is essential to research in these disciplines and examples are given where certain research projects could not be undertaken without the capabilities of the computer. Three uses which are common to all the social science are described. First, there is a discussion of several computer-based statistical packages which have been specifically developed for the social sciences. Next, there is a presentation of the development of models and particularly casual modeling. Finally, computer-based bibliographic methods and capabilitie are described. More specific applications are: on-line control psychological experiments stimulus presentation, data acquisition, the simulation of psychological functions and the computer a a surrogate clinician; also the application of information-processing model in cognitive psychology. In sociology, the computer is used in social science surveys and particularly in the recent development of computer-based telephone survey techniques. In economics, there is a discussion of econometric modeling and particularly of Project LINK, a worldwide economic model. Finally, a number of examples are given of the use of computers in political science and historical research. It is concluded that the computer is a basic tool in social science research.     

Information Retrieval in Cultural Heritage

Abstract

This article discusses the opportunities and challenges of applying modern information retrieval techniques to the cultural heritage domain. Although the field of information retrieval is closely associated with computer science, it originally emerged from library science — also one of the main disciplines concerned with access to cultural heritage material. Hence we are, in a sense, exploring what happens if we bring these strands of research back together again. The article consists of three parts. In the first part, we explain the field of information retrieval and its multidisciplinary nature. In the second part, we discuss how and why the problem of providing access to cultural heritage can be cast naturally as an information retrieval problem. In the third and main part, we present a detailed case study of applying the modern information retrieval approach in practice within a museum.     

The Antiquities Market

Abstract

The computer has not been widely used for the study and analysis of Greek and Roman pottery. Recently at Stobi in Yugoslavian Macedonia a considerable quantity of pottery has been coded according to a system devised specifically for the rather complex situation presented by the wide-reaching market for ceramics in the Greek and Roman periods. The system and coding procedures, as well as the preliminary results of the analysis, are published here in the hope that they will serve as an aid to others working with similar material.     

Digital Support for Archaeology

Abstract

We describe an interdisciplinary approach in which computer scientists develop techniques to support archaeology. In the Reading Images for the Cultural Heritage (RICH) project, a variety of methods have been developed to support archaeologists in the visualization, categorization, and characterization of archaeological objects, such as medieval glass, coins, ceramics, and seeds. The methods are based on image processing and machine learning algorithms that are tailored to the task at hand. We describe the algorithms and illustrate their application on archaeological datasets. The virtues and pitfalls of the interdisciplinary approach to archaeology are discussed.