The Black Death in the diocese of Ely: The evidence of the bishop's register

The Black Death of 1348-9 is thought to have killed a third to a half of the population of Europe. More exact measurements of the plague mortality are hard to come by, but the ten episcopal registers of England which survived the great pestilence provide some of the most complete and reliable information about the number of deaths on a yearly basis. Although there are qualifications to be made before using this information, the defects in the bishops' registers are not so great that the historian can afford to neglect this valuable source. In addition, there is sometimes anecdotal evidence in the registers which speaks of the human drama of the plague, in contrast to the impassive testimony of numbers. This paper will examine the evidence of the register of Thomas de Lisle, bishop of Ely from 1345 until 1361, as it relates to the Black Death. The first half of the paper will address the statistical evidence, to be followed by a discussion of the anecdotal material. De Lisle's register has not been extensively studied since J. Lunn's 1930 thesis on The Black Death in the Bishops' Registers, which is now lost. A re-evaluation of this evidence will reveal that the inhabitants of East Anglia, and of Cambridgeshire in particular, were among the greatest sufferers of the plague.     

谈江南綵衣堂建筑彩画的艺术独特性

翁同龢故居"綵衣堂"的建筑彩画是中国现存明清建筑装饰艺术中的精品。"綵衣堂"彩画普遍运用了宋锦纹饰和包袱锦形式,在继承传统的基础上又有艺术创新;其"瑞鹤祥云"的主题纹饰体现了独特的精神内涵;工艺上也综合运用了不同等级的作法。綵衣堂是建筑艺术和装饰艺术结合的成功范例,值得后人深入研究。     

Interpreting the Instrument of Government: Objections to the 1654 Election in the Isle of Ely*

Following the 1654 elections, the first to be held after the imposition of the Instrument of Government, petitions of complaint were presented by voters from various constituencies to Cromwell and his council. Most of the petitions were investigated, some MPs being subsequently barred from taking their seats, but only one was excluded on the grounds of immorality: George Glapthorne, an MP for the Isle of Ely. This re‐examination of his case indicates that Glapthorne, an unpopular local figure because of his involvement in drainage and enclosure, had been the subject of a successful smear campaign. The Instrument of Government had redefined the franchise, which, it has been argued, decreased the size of the electorate. Annexed to the petition presented by voters in the Isle was a list of 124 men who had been physically prevented from entering the polling hall. This list reveals the presence of Walloon settlers in the Isle; local records indicate that such men qualified for the new franchise because they were leasing fertile, drained land in the Fens, thus increasing the electorate in that area. By considering the local context of a disputed election, this study adds to the debate concerning the interpretation of the Instrument of Government in terms of the eligibility, not only of a parliamentary candidate, but also of voters.     

世界史研究发展的当代背景

整体的“世界史”概念是在地区国别史研究的基础上逐步形成的,对“世界体系”认知的热情从来也没有像第二次世界大战以后这样高涨。这种学术现象的出现是以经济发展全球化、生活模式单一化、价值观念趋同的趋势为大背景的。可以认为,真正意义的世界史观念是全球经济一体化不断深化和不同文化交流日益频繁这一形势在历史研究领域引起的反应。作为全球化的逆向思维,强调对话反对对抗,强调联系和交流反对封锁,对各个民族原创文明的探讨成为文化知识界的共识。对多元文明,特别是不同文明之间“联系”的探讨是整体世界史研究发展的又一种深层动力。整体的宏观的世界史研究与地区国别史研究相辅相成、互相促进。现代科技水平和新科技观念迅猛发展,促进了地区国别史、专门史、断代史学者的交流,加强了世界各地学者之间的联系,打破了历史学和其他哲学社会科学学科、甚至自然科学学科之间的壁垒,交叉与对比研究为世界史研究的新发展开辟出无限广阔的空间。     

伪满建国初期的建筑文化变迁——以《满洲建筑杂志》为中心

伪满洲国时期东北地区修建了大批建筑,这些建筑的设计、选材、风格等都与以往的建筑有所不同。通过《满洲建筑杂志》的诸多文章可以看出,伪满洲国初期的建筑在建筑样式、建筑工艺、建筑结构和建筑功能等方面都发生明显的变化,形成了新的建筑文化。     

五桂楼藏书及其建筑特色

浙江余姚玉桂楼有“浙东第二藏书楼”之称,本文主要介绍了五桂楼的藏书历史,而五桂楼独特的建筑风格又为研究浙东地区清代古建筑提供了珍贵的实物资料。     

『热贡艺术』·隆务寺建筑风格

隆务寺位于青海省黄南藏族自治州同仁县隆务镇,藏语称“隆务德钦曲科林”,意为隆务大乐法轮洲,寺院坐落在隆务镇西山麓下,隆务河西岸台地上。背山面水,坐西向东。占地约380亩,原有大小经堂佛殿31座,活佛昂谦43院,僧舍303院,有属寺年都乎寺、郭麻日寺、吴屯上庄寺、吴屯下庄寺、瓜什则寺等。清末全盛时期有僧人多达2400人,是青海地区仅次于塔尔寺的藏传佛教大寺。1994年被国务院颁布为全国重点文物保护单位。隆务寺所在地同仁县,北距省会西宁120公里,东临甘肃夏河,西与贵德、泽库、同德接壤,北与河南蒙古族自治县相连。广阔无垠的草原牧场,历…     

静怡轩的建筑渊源及其复原设计

静怡轩是紫禁城建福宫花园中一座建于乾隆七年(1742年)的建筑,1923年毁于火。作者通过对大量文献、实物资料的研究,结合对建筑基址的考察,阐述了静怡轩的渊源和发展,认为静怡轩仿建于圆明园西峰秀色的含韵斋,圆明园西峰秀色又仿自杭州西峰秀色,而故宫宁寿全宫现存的景福宫则仿自静怡轩。景福宫因此成为今日复原静怡轩的实物依据。综合对景福宫建筑和静怡轩基址中台基、踏跺、柱础的考察,作者认为静怡轩应是一座面阔五间,周围廊,三卷棚勾连搭歇山式屋顶,绿琉璃瓦黄剪边,斗升云交麻叶斗,苏式彩画的建筑。     

论尼泊尔"潘查亚特"体制实行的历史背景

1960年尼泊尔国王马亨德拉毅然解散了议会、取缔了党派,实行所谓的潘查亚特民主制。本文①认为,这一制度的推行有着较为复杂和敏感的时代背景。摆脱印度的控制和自主进行民族国家建设是这一制度推行的主权背景;传统势力的阻碍和政党不够成熟是议会民主制在尼泊尔短命的重要原因;而在特定的历史条件下,印度教的传统政治文化又决定了王权在与党派力量的较量中占得了上风。     

长白府设置的背景及意义

1860年之后,东北柳条边外地区内忧外患并发。为了摆脱危机,清政府于光绪初年设东边道及通化等县,管辖鸭绿江中游到长白山腹地的广大地区。随着人口日增和边疆危机的加深,加强边政建设,尤其是地方行政设治,成为当务之急。1908年清政府批准设立长白府。长白府设置后,首先完善内治,强化控驭;其次加强对朝侨管理,抵制日本的侵略图谋;最后,招民实边,建设边陲。经过边臣疆吏不懈努力,荒芜略辟,边陲粗安,使清朝在其垂暮之年,力行边政,阻遏了侵华势力对我长白山地区的领土觊觎,在力所能及的范围内维护了国家主权。     

试析河南北宋砖雕壁画墓八角形墓室形制来源及其象征意义

八角形仿木结构砖石墓葬在北宋仁宗以后流行,其形制来源于瘗埋佛僧舍利的地宫和墓塔以及遍及全国的佛塔,但其精神内核则是中国古代"象八方"的观念,这种观念是在民间堪舆思想和佛教观念的融合过程中,重新诠释后的再创造。八角形墓室建筑是中国传统墓葬"天覆地载"思想在北宋朝的延续。     

鸱尾起源考

当前,学术界对鸱尾起源问题的研究,主要有三种观点。第一种观点为西汉起源说。持此观点的学者为著名建筑史学家刘敦桢和吴庆洲[1]。刘敦桢最先提出鸱尾创于西汉[2],其主要依据为《陈