Electronic Information Management in the Social Sciences

Abstract

The use of the computer and its capabilities in the social sciences – psychology, sociology, economics, political science and history – are here discussed. It is suggested that the computer is essential to research in these disciplines and examples are given where certain research projects could not be undertaken without the capabilities of the computer. Three uses which are common to all the social science are described. First, there is a discussion of several computer-based statistical packages which have been specifically developed for the social sciences. Next, there is a presentation of the development of models and particularly casual modeling. Finally, computer-based bibliographic methods and capabilitie are described. More specific applications are: on-line control psychological experiments stimulus presentation, data acquisition, the simulation of psychological functions and the computer a a surrogate clinician; also the application of information-processing model in cognitive psychology. In sociology, the computer is used in social science surveys and particularly in the recent development of computer-based telephone survey techniques. In economics, there is a discussion of econometric modeling and particularly of Project LINK, a worldwide economic model. Finally, a number of examples are given of the use of computers in political science and historical research. It is concluded that the computer is a basic tool in social science research.     

Electronic Information for Airline Operations

Abstract

The use of electronic information for airline operations falls logically into three time-frames: pre-flight, flight and post-flight, although considerable feedback occurs between. Numerous electronic system have been developed to aid such diverse and complex operations as schedule generation, flight catering, engine maintenance, navigation, data recording, flight traffic control, financing and marketing as well as pro-ration. All are reviewed here.     

行政效率研究会与抗战前的行政效率运动

隶属于南京国民政府行政院的行政效率研究会是以研究中国行政问题以及如何提高政府行政效率为宗旨的政府机构 ,抗战前的行政效率运动既是它产生的主要背景 ,也得益于它的影响与推动。行政效率研究会的行政研究对抗战前南京国民政府的行政改革起到了一定的作用 ,也促进了行政研究在中国的发展。     

我国的危机管理呼唤服务型的政府

我国危机管理的现状要求尽快建立科学的危机管理体系,其前提是转变政府职能,而服务型政府的建立有利于科学的危机管理体制的最终形成。     

基于负责任旅游的政府管理行为

研究旅游,不仅要分析它的发展,还要考虑其所产生的影响。在个人、企业和国家层面都可能存在负责任或不负责任的行为所导致的正面或负面影响。负责任旅游的核心是要采取一种能使旅游的正面影响最大化、负面影响最小化的旅游发展方式,它主张旅游行为主体通过自律性的负责任行为约束途径,而不是期望他人的道德行为实现旅游可持续发展的目标。本文探讨了政府在负责任旅游管理中的行为,包括制定负责任旅游伦理规范、政策以及负责任旅游认证制度建设等,并对认证制度建设中如何构建负责任旅游认证的指标体系提出相应的构想。     

南京国民政府时期行政督察专员制度的创设

南京国民政府实行行政督察专员制度,最初只是在特定区域为剿共清乡而创设,随着国共战争区域的扩大,国民政府逐渐将这一制度定为一个常设的地方行政制度,从而在省县二级制的地方行政制度中增加了一个中间层级。本文拟对此制度的创设及得失作初步探讨。     

南京政府行政督察专员制度的法制考察

南京政府行政督察专员制度,是近代中国社会转型过程中的重要的地方政府转型与制度改革。就专员的资格与任期、职权与辖区、组织与经费等方面考察,专员制的法制功能是显而易见的。然专员制度的法律设计与实际状况之间无疑存在着一定的偏离状态,但这种偏离没有影响到该制度的基本运作,因而专员制度的法制状态应是正常的或基本正常的。专员制度是中国地方政府制度历史长河中发展演变的重要一环,也是中国地方政府从传统体制向现代体制过渡的重要一步。而且．专员制度的变革,也凸现了民国时期社会转型的历史画卷。     

Policymaking and Management in Israeli Local Government

Israeli local government has reemerged despite a highly centralized political system, as local politics have become more autonomous, as a political party based on grass roots movements assumed national power, and as economic stagnation revealed shortcomings of national policies. Central-local relations are still cooperative as well as cooperative, continuing to provide safety nets in the event of local mistakes. Austerity and recurring financial crises have necessitated new management orientations and organizational adaptation among local governments. The mode of learning (and unlearning) is highly contingent: in some circumstances a quick process based on opportunism, in others having been fuelled by entrepreneurial forces. The development of strategic organizational capabilities still encounters great difficulties.     

Local Government Policymaking and Management in Russia

Local government in Russia is characterized by the collapse of traditional relationships between legislative and executive powers and between different levels of executive and legislative hierarchies. The re-definition of these relationships involves a struggle for power pursued against a backdrop of radical systemic change in the economic and social spheres. These changes are accompanied by a breakdown (and gradual realignment) of the system of distribution, which has accelerated the process of economic and social destabilization in the larger cities. The response of local administrations to the problems generated has been hampered by the fiscal crisis that affects both national and local levels of government. This article reviews the changing relationship between governmental levels and between legislative and executive powers in the context of these broader developments, and in the context of Russian and Soviet traditions of local government. Overall the article notes the perceived failure of the democratization of the legislature at local level to deal with the crisis, and the consequent shift of power towards a strengthened executive.     

From Traditional Management to the New Management in British Local Government

The article outlines the assumptions on which traditional management in British local authorities was based. It argues the those assumptions were grounded in the conditions of the postwar period, but outlines developing critiques. In recent years societal changes and economic and financial pressures have challenged the basis of traditional management and reinforced the critiques. The legislative program of the Conservative Government on local government is presented as one response to the need to build a new management, with its own strengths and weaknesses.     

平政院与北洋时期的行政诉讼制度

民国成立后,在借鉴清末行政裁判院的基础上,北洋政府成立了中国第一个行政诉讼审判机关平政院。长期以来,世人对平政院的评价极低,甚至讥讽为"贫症院"。本文拟通过梳理平政院的职掌与工作,探讨该院在中国法制近代化进程中的作用与影响。     

档案管理工作中电子信息的利用和开发

对于电子信息只有根据信息的类别进行管理,同时要符合保密、真实和完整的要求,才能确保电子信息的完整性和安全性。本文从存档电子信息的收集、保存、提供等角度,探讨了电子信息在现代档案管理中应该注意的问题。     

旅游信息与电子商务实验室架构研究

本文所论述的旅游信息与电子商务实验室架构,是在开源软件系统上基于C/S与B/S的混合计算模式搭建的.它涵盖了旅游地理信息系统、管理信息系统以及电子商务等旅游信息类课程的多种实验,包括了服务端面向对象开发、网络数据库开发、电子商务支付、认证以及网络管理等内容,为教学、研究与项目开发构建了理想的实验环境.     

民国政府慈善行政体制的演变与慈善立法

民国时期是中国慈善事业由传统向近代转型的重要时期。随着政权的确立与巩固,民国政府逐步建立起具有近代意义的慈善行政管理体制,并由此推动了慈善立法工作的展开,渐次颁行了一系列有关慈善事业的法律法规。总的来说,民国慈善立法取得了一定成效,其法规内容已基本涵括慈善组织监管、慈善捐赠褒奖与税收减免等三个方面,体系较为完备。     

20世纪美国联邦政府行政改革的历史考察

美国联邦政府的行政改革贯穿于整个20世纪,可以划分为四个阶段,每个阶段有不同的侧重点：第一阶段改革开始于19世纪末、20世纪初,“效率政府”是这一时期行政改革所追求的主要目标;第二阶段改革实施于20世纪中期,“忠诚政府”成为联邦政府改革的特点;20世纪70、80年代改革进入第三阶段,强调官员的职业道德,改革特点为追求“道德政府”;20世纪90年代美国政府管理进入一个全面调整时期,“重塑政府”成为行政改革追求的主要目标,从而在实践上把20世纪美国联邦政府行政改革推向了高峰。从行政管理学的角度分析,精简机构、节约开支和提高效率,始终是20世纪美国联邦行政改革的核心内容。从政治学的角度分析,防止职业官僚垄断政府权力和整治官僚主义作风,也始终是20世纪美国联邦政府行政改革必须面对的问题。     

Reforming Local Government Policymaking and Management Through Organizational Learning and Experimentation

This article presents two ongoing programs of local government reform in Norway, the Free Commune Program and the Pilot Commune Program. These programs are fairly typical of thinking on local government development in the Nordic countries at the moment. On the one hand, the welfare states are seen as being in danger of becoming overloaded. On the other hand, local government is seen as being in need of developing a capacity to respond better to local communities; consequently, national regulations have to become less standardized in order to allow for greater local adaptability and more variation. The emergent municipal organizational models reflect a more community-oriented approach to local government and a deemphasis on local governments as distributive channels for central ministries. A New Nordic Welfare Model is emerging with more emphasis on local initiatives.     

宋代的财政督理型准政区及其行政组织

宋代存在着各种准政区。其中对于国家政治生活影响最大的,是以发运使、总领、提举茶马、提点坑冶所管辖的财政督理型准政区。以发运使等为长官的准行政组织,受中央政府委托,在各自辖区内履行财政职能,并且围绕各自的职能,直接或间接地参与地方行政事务。它们对本政区内的州、县,甚至路一级的官员存在着事实上的上、下级关系,使中央政府对地方行政事务的监察与管理进一步加强;但是它们的权力扩张受到中央政府的抑制,最终未能成为正式的行政组织,使宋代地方行政体系运作迟缓的发展趋势受到一定程度的遏制。     

中国第一家官办征信机构联合征信所的兴衰

近代中国的征信机构出现于20世纪30年代。成立于抗战后期的联合征信所,是中国第一家官办的征信调查机构,它承袭了中国征信所的一些信用调查方法,在为国家金融垄断事业的服务中发挥了一定的作用。考察联合征信所的成立、发展及其消亡的过程或将有助于认识近代中国征信制度的建立及其特点。