Iceland北纬66度的荒原

从机场去冰岛首都雷克雅未克市区的路上,满目都是荒原,黄绿相间。 红色、绿色的木板房散布在荒原与大海之间,像是故意要为大地添 抹一些色彩。天又下雨了,伴着雪花。在冰岛的雨季,我享受着视觉和思想的双重快乐。在这个人均拥有移动电话比例居世界第一的国度,你无论在哪个城镇,都不会觉得喧闹,冰岛是如此宁静,那是来自地心入口处的宁静。     

The glacial palagonite‐formation of Iceland

EUROPE.

Vagabond's Way. By Nancy Price. London: John Murray, 1914. Price 6s. net.

Insulae Britannicae. By Arthur William Whatmore. London: Elliot Stock, 1913. Price 30s. net.

La Finlande aux Mille Lacs. By Jules Leclercq. With 16 Illustrations and Map. Paris: Plon‐Nourrit et Cie, 1914. Price 4 frs.

Stanford's Geological Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland. With Plates of characteristic Fossils. By Horace B. Woodward. Third Edition. London: Edward Stanford, 1914. Price 12s. 6d. net.

Things Seen in Oxford. By Norman J. Davidson. London: Seeley, Service and Co., 1914. Price 2s. net

The Survey Gazetteer of the British Isles. Edited by J. G. Bartholomew. With Appendices and Atlas. Edinburgh: John Bartholomew and Co., 1914. Price 15s. net.

Northumberland, Yesterday and To‐day. By Jean F. Terry, LL.A. (St. Andrews). Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne: Andrew Eeid and Company, Limited, 1913. Price 1s. 6d. net.

Boman Memories. By Thomas Spencer Jerome. London: Mills and Boon, Ltd., 1914. Price 7s. 6d. net.

Siciliana. By Ferdinand Gregovorius. Translated from the German by Mrs. Gustavus W. Hamilton. London: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1914. Price 5s. net.

Rouen: étude d'une Agglomération Urbaine. By J. Levainville, Docteur de l'Université de Bordeaux. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1913. Price 7 fr. 50.

Engadine Year Book, 1914. Compiled by William W. Barton. London: Siegle and Co. Price 2s. 6d.

Islands Grösster Vulkan: Die Dyngjufjöll mit der Askja. Von Dr. Hans Spethmann. Leipzig: Veit u. Co., 1913. Price 6 M.

Die Riviera. Von Alban Voigt. (Junk's Natur‐Führer.) Berlin: W. Junk, 1914. Preis 6 marks.

ASIA.

Cathay and the Way Thither. New edition, edited by Henri Cordier, D.Litt., Hon. M.R.A.S., Hon. Cor. M.R.G.S., Hon. F.R.S.L. Vol. ii. Odoric of Por‐denone. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1913.

AFRICA.

A Historical Geography of the British Colonies. By Sir C. P. Lucas. Vol. iii. West Africa. Third Edition. Revised to the end of 1912 by A. Berriedale Keith, D.C.L. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1913. Price 8s. 6d.

A Historical Geography of the British Colonies. Vol. iv. South Africa. New Edition. Part iii. Geographical. Revised by A. Berriedale Keith. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1913.

My Somali Book: A Record of Two Shooting Trips. By Captain A. H. E. Mosse, F.Z.S., Indian Army. Illustrated by Lieut. D. D. Haskard, R.A. With an Introduction by Col. H. G. C. Swayne, R.E., F.Z.S. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, Ltd., 1913.

AMERICA.

Scots in Canada. By John Murray Gibbon. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., Ltd., 1911. Price 1s.

Canada To‐Day, 1913. London: Published for the “Canada” Newspaper Company, Ltd. Price 2s. net.

To the River Plate and Back: The Narrative of a Scientific Mission to South America, with Observations upon things seen and suggested. By W. J. Holland, Sc.D., LL.D. (St. Andrews), etc. etc., author of The Butterfly Book, etc. With eight Plates in Colour from drawings by the author, and seventy‐eight other Illustrations. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, 1913. Price 15s. net.

Forty Years in Brazil. By Frank Bennett. London: Mills and Boon, Limited, 1914. Price 10s. 6d. net.

Heaton's Annual: The Commercial Handbook of Canada and Board of Trade Register. Tenth Year, 1914. Edited by Ernest Heaton, B.A., and J. Beverley Robinson. Toronto: Heaton's Agency. British Edition. Price 5s.

AUSTRALASIA.

Democracy in New Zealand. Translated from the French of André; Siegfried by E. V. Burns. London: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1914. Price 6s. net.

GENERAL.

Essays and Studies presented to William Bidgeway, Sc.D., LL.D. (Aberdeen), Litt.D. (Dublin and Manchester), F.R.S. Edited by E. C. Quiggin, M.A. Ph.D., Fellow of Gonville and Caius College. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1913. Price 25s. net.

Egypt and the Sudan: Handbook for Travellers. Seventh remodelled edition. Price 15s. net.

Southern France, including Corsica. Sixth revised edition. Price 8s. net. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1914.

Camp‐Fire Tarns of the Lost Legion. By Colonel G. Hamilton‐Browne ("Maori Browne"), late Commandant in Colonial Forces. London: T. Werner Laurie, Limited, 1913. Price 12s. 6d. net.

EDUCATIONAL.

A New Geography of the Indian Empire and Ceylon, By Cameron Morrison, M.A., LL.B. London: Thos. Nelson and Sons, 1913. Price One Rupee net.

The Atlas Geographies.—Part iii. Senior Geography. No. 4.—Africa. By Thos. Franklin, A.C.P., A.R.S.G.S., and E. D. Griffiths, B.Sc., F.R.G.S., F.C.S. Edinburgh and London: W. and A. K. Johnston, Ltd., 1914. Price 1s. 6d. net.

A Junior Geography of the World. By B. C. Wallis, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.G.S. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1913. Price 2s. 6d.

A Geography of the British Empire. By W. L. Bunting, M.A., and H. L. Collen, M.A. Cambridge: The University Press, 1913. Price 3s. 6d.

Senior Geography of Asia. Senior Geography of N. America. By S. C. Fry. (From Text‐book of Geography.) London: W. B. Clive, 1913. Price 1s. each.     

Trapped in clichés: masculinity,films and tourism in Iceland

When the Icelandic television series ‘Trapped’ was aired it instantly garnered worldwide attention. The main character, a rugged Icelandic man, is presented as being one with the harsh cold landscape. This article demonstrates how visual materials, like ‘Trapped,’ have become extremely important in the presentation of Iceland to the outside world, as well as working to present Iceland as a tourism destination. Furthermore, we evidence how ‘Trapped’ identifies with the Nordic noir genre. Our analysis shows that the series ‘Trapped’ and recent Icelandic films rest on the strong and entrenched association of Icelandicness with maleness, while also reflecting on existing stereotypes about Iceland and the Icelandic people as being exotic, both of which have become reanimated through the tourism industry. Thus, visual material such as ‘Trapped’ constitutes a part of, and becomes in and of itself symbolic of recurrent masculinity in Iceland. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of framing the ‘official’ production of locations as tourism destinations by both state and commercial industries in relation to other cultural productions that often also engage with mobile historical stereotyping and commercial attempts at nation branding.     

Was the Fishing Village of Lepenski Vir Built by Europe’s First Farmers?

Journal of World Prehistory - It is now widely accepted that agriculture and settled village life arrived in Europe as a cultural package, carried by people migrating from Anatolia and the Aegean...     

Is the Future of Mobility Electric? Learning from Contested Storylines of Sustainable Mobility in Iceland

Planning for sustainable mobility is a complex and demanding task and the knowledge of how to trade off multiple, often conflicting, goals is not entirely clear. One of the most contentious and confounding issues in the context of urban planning has been, and continues to be, the place of the automobile within the evolving sustainable mobility paradigm. The recent emergence of strong policy and planning support for the introduction of electric vehicles raises thorny questions as to whether or not this development will be complementary to, or conflicting with, other sustainable mobility planning goals, such as the pursuit of compact cities, restrictions on automobiles, promotion of walking and bicycling, and support for public transport. The results of a recent pilot study conducted in the Reykjavik city region suggest that a strategy of provision for electric vehicles on a large scale may represent a continuation of the dominant transport engineering approach, drawing scarce financial and institutional resources away from path-breaking measures such as the efforts to create denser development patterns and promote non-motorized and public forms of transport.     

Population,Households and Fisheries in the Parish of Hvalsnes,Southwestern Iceland, 1750–1850

Abstract

This is an in-depth study of the parish of Hvalsnes, a small fishing community situated on the Reykjanes peninsula in southwestern Iceland, during the period 1750–1850. The study is inspired by the nordic Coastal Region Project carried out in the 1990s, focussing on the relationship between economic factors and household size and structure. With reference to the concept of ecotype, Hvalsnes is compared to a few farming communities in southern and western Iceland as regards a number of economic and demographic factors. Among the features characterizing the Hvalsnes community was the large proportion of crofter and cottar households in relation to those of independent farmer-fishermen; the former constituted a valuable workforce for the commercial cod fisheries on the abundant Reykjanes banks. At the same time, the study reveals that during the winter season the operation of the fishing fleet was highly dependent on seasonal migration from farming areas. In this perspective Hvalsnes appears to be an Icelandic parallel to Lofoten in Norway. A closer view of the techniques and social organization of fishing in the parish discloses significant differences between its three individual sections. It is argued that these differences help to explain why some sections suffered more, in economic and demographic terms, than others from the natural catastrophes and political changes which took place towards the end of the eighteenth century. However, these changes did not alter the general condition of the landless population: cottars by the seaside and living-in servants in the countryside. Among these groups many individuals continued now as before their seasonal migration between the two ecotypes. Tentatively, it is argued that the seasonal exchange of workforce between fishing and farming communities contributed to an efficient use of the labour capacity of their members.     

Out of the Peat: Preliminary Geophysical Prospection and Evaluation of the Mid-Holocene Stationary Wooden Fishing Structures in Haapajärvi,Finland

The huge scientific and interpretive value of wetland archaeological sites has been well demonstrated in several studies. The management of the archaeological resource of wetland landscapes is problematic, however, and there is an urgent need for noninvasive techniques to detect waterlogged organic archaeological remains. Stationary wooden fishing structures associated with fishing sites constitute an important wetland archaeological resource in northern Europe. In Finland, similar wooden constructions have been used for fishing from prehistory to the early modern era. The discovery of sites has been accidental, because the waterlogged organic remains have been considered invisible to conventional geoprospection techniques. Because of this, a small project was launched at Lamminoja, northwest Finland, in order to investigate whether it would be possible to improve our chances to detect fishery sites in demanding wetland habitats. New information was obtained through geophysical prospection, trial excavations, and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating. Geophysical testing was hampered by several factors, including complex sediments affected by modern drainage. New information was obtained, however, on the composition, age, and spatial distribution of the wooden fishing structures preserved in peat over 5000 years.     

The Viking Age settlement pattern of Langholt,North Iceland: Results of the Skagafjörður Archaeological Settlement Survey

An archaeological survey of the Viking Age settlement pattern in the Langholt region of North Iceland suggests that being early in this sequence conferred tremendous advantages to the settlers of this previously uninhabited landscape. Many of the farms established during the settlement of Iceland (which began about a.d. 870) are in use today. However, accessing the Viking Age landscape is difficult. In Langholt the earliest layers of most farmsteads are buried under a thousand years of occupational debris, while the abandoned sites have been covered by extensive soil deposition. Here we report on our coring and test excavation results that outline Viking Age farmstead location, establishment date, and maximum size by the end of the Viking Age. There is a strong correlation between farmstead size and establishment date. This correlation suggests that during the rapid settlement of Iceland, the farmsteads established by earlier settlers were wealthier and that wealth endured.     

“Some in Rags and Some in Jags and Some in Silken Gowns”: Textiles from Iceland’s Early Modern Period

The Danish trade monopoly of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries resulted in the implementation of strict regulations and controls on textile production, the introduction of weaving workshops equipped with new horizontal looms, and a deliberate attempt to phase out the production of homespun cloth on the warp-weighted loom. What was the fate of homespun cloth in this era of introduced industrialization in Iceland? Archaeological textile collections from Iceland??s early modern period are abundant though understudied. This paper reports current research on these collections and suggests that homespun cloth did not die out in the late medieval period, but that it continued into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, declining slowly thereafter. Moreover, homespun cloth of the early modern period evolved into something that was structurally different than its earlier medieval version, possibly in response to increased climatic fluctuations during the Little Ice Age.     

Sharks in the lagoon? Fishing exploitation at the Neolithic site of Suwayh 1 (Ash Sharqiyah region,Arabian Sea,Sultanate of Oman)

The study of the fish bones from the Neolithic shell midden of Suwayh 1, excavated in the 2000s, identified a total of 1060 identifiable fish bones, from 23 families, 33 genera and 28 different species. Radiocarbon dating demonstrates that the sites date to the early 6th to mid 5th millennium BC. The results follow an eight-phase chronology highlighted by an earlier malacological study. The most important taxa were the Carcharhinidae (requiem shark), Rhinopteridae (cownose rays), Sparoidea (Sparidae and Lethrinidae: sea breams and emperors) and Ariidae (sea catfishes). The results of the fish study show that the Suwayh lagoon must have gradually opened up to the sea and been populated with mangroves. The unique presence of so many sharks at this site seems to indicate that the inhabitants had a special interest in shark fishing and that their location was ideal for this specialised activity. Two types of fishing nets and hooks have been discovered, which require the use of different fishing techniques.     

Buttressing the West in the North: The Atlantic Alliance,Economic Warfare,and the Soviet Challenge in Iceland, 1956–1959

MICHAEL MCCORMICK. Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, AD 300-900. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xxviii, 1,101. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Warren Treadgold     

‘Tangled up in Blue’: The Death,Dress and Identity of an Early Viking-Age Female Settler from Ketilsstaðir,Iceland

IN 1938, a woman’s burial was uncovered by road builders at Ketilsstaðir in north-eastern Iceland. Recently, her physical remains and associated funerary goods were re-examined by an international, interdisciplinary team and formed the basis for an exhibition at the National Museum of Iceland in 2015. This paper focuses on the items of dress that accompanied the woman — born in the British Isles, but who migrated to Iceland at a very young age — to gain insights into the ways her cultural identity was expressed at the time of her death. Here we explore the roles played by material culture in signaling her identity, and the technologies and trade networks through which she was connected, visually, to Scandinavia, the British Isles, and the Viking world at large.     

Impact of Salmon Fishing on Livelihood and Social Relations Among the Ulchi and the Amur Nanai (Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century)

Drawing on an analysis of literary sources, 1897 Census data, and the author's ?eld materials, the study examines the impact of salmon ?shing on the economic and social structures of the Tungus-Manchu ethnic groups – the Ulchi and Nanai people. Speci?c features of the spawning migration of various species of Paci?c salmon formed the regional basis of livelihoods in the Lower Amur region. These same features determined the economic character and structure of settlements as well as impacting social relations among the Amur Nanai and the Ulchi.     

Coastal connections,local fishing,and sustainable egg harvesting: patterns of Viking Age inland wild resource use in Mývatn district,Northern Iceland

Abstract

The 'Landscapes of Settlement Project' has carried out archaeological and paleoenvironmental research in the Lake Mývatn region of N. Iceland since 1996. Animal bone collections dating from the late 9th century to the early 13th century AD have been recovered from five sites in different ecological zones around the lake, and three of these sites provide multiple phases datable through radiocarbon, artefacts, and volcanic tephra. Modern systematic biological and geological investigations in the Mývatn district date to the 19th century and a detailed picture of the recent ecology can be combined with both archaeological and historical evidence for long term resource exploitation by humans in this inland region. Analysis of bird bones and bird eggshell suggests that the locally managed sustainable harvest of migratory waterfowl eggs carried out over the last 150 years extends back to the 9th century. These inland archaeofauna also include significant numbers of marine fish and sea birds, marine mollusca, and a few seal and porpoise bones. Marine fish remains recovered indicate specialised transport of partial skeletons missing most cranial and some thoracic vertebrae, suggesting that a cured fish product was being regularly brought to inland farms during the early years of the settlement. Inter-regional exchange and a pre-Hanseatic artisanal fish trade prior to AD 1000 suggests the importance of preserved marine fish in early Scandinavian economies, and may shed light on the source of the 11th century 'fish event horizon' recently documented in southern Britain.