珠穆朗玛峰——世界巅峰第三极

正在漫长的岁月中,人类对自己生存的空间产生过各种遐想。大地有尽头吗?它是方的还是圆的?为什么日、月、星辰总是东升西落?为什么会有四季变化等等。从1492年,哥伦布首航发现美洲大陆开始,人类进入了地球地理发现的时代,这个阶段持续了400年。到20世纪初期,地球上的所有地方都被绘制在地图上,其中有3个地点虽然被人所知,但没有人去过。它们就是被称为极地的"北极""南极"和地球上的最高点——珠穆朗玛峰(以下简称珠峰)。     

Transnational Corporations and Third World Agriculture

I prefer to use the term ‘transnational’ because it indicates the tendency of the corporations to cross national frontiers with a minimum of difficulty, whereas the connotation ‘multinational’ may suggest a kind of common ownership which actually does not exist. This article has been published in Rapport, the periodical of the Swedish International Development Authority (no. 2, 1975).     

Geography and the study of Third World underdevelopment re-revisited

Progress in development geography has been recently associated with the shift of the perspective on underdevelopment from a right-wing, conservative standpoint to a leftward, liberal-radical position. Marxism often conceals its message in obscure rhetoric with moral overtones on colonialism, slavery, poverty, and underdevelopment. Liberal academics have lamely acceded to the dogmas of this once-assertive ideology. Marxist view have exerted a stimulus on debates, but could not provide answers to the issues of this discipline. The hopes of development and prosperity a generation ago have evaporated only to be replaced by news of economic malaise, the food crisis, and crushing debt. In the late 1980's geographers addressed Third World environmental issues. Blaikie and Brookfield examined environmental deterioration among elements of the population-environment issue. Lewis and Berry dealt with African environments and resources. Watts and Bassett touched on agrarian and political concerns in West Africa. Adams examined water resources development in Nigeria's Sokoto Valley. Bryceson analyzed the political economy of agriculture in Tanzania. Lawson depicted how government policy bore on agriculture and its regional pattern. Crush detailed the absorption of Swazi labor into the South African economy. Dayal described the deficiency diet of agricultural workers in Bangladesh. Others examined Africa's financial disaster, Japan's trade surplus, and the global population crisis. Nevertheless, the dearth of output on and neglect of Third World issues by human geographers awaits positive research publications.     

Drugs for Tropical Diseases in the Third World

Abstract

The relationship between the World Health Organization's Special Programme for reducing tropical diseases and the pharmaceutical industry is the author's main theme. The problems of malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis trypanosomiasis – both types – leishmaniasis and leprosy are surveyed with references to their chemotherapy, the search for new drugs and possible immunity. It is concluded that existing drugs are far from perfect, but untll better ones have been discovered, they represent the best treatment for most of the diseases reviewed.     

The Food Resources of the Capitalist World

The author discusses a major research program now under way at the Institute of Geography, covering food production and consumption in the developed industrial nations and in the newly independent countries. Under investigation are ways of expanding food resources in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America; overcoming the food deficit and reliance on food imports of African countries; and creating a diversified agriculture combining both export crops to finance economic development and food output for domestic consumption.     

Conceptualizing the Third World: Language, Theory, and Method

Book reviewed in this article:
Pearl L. Hahn and Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Revolution: The United States and the Third World since 1945     

The post-Stalin Komsomol and the Soviet fight for Third World youth

Based upon evidence from archives in Russia, Georgia, Latvia and Estonia, this article examines the ways in which the USSR’s Communist Youth League (Komsomol) worked to advance the Soviet cause among world youth during the Cold War. These ranged from cultural propaganda through to attempts at political subversion, and played a role not just in fortifying the regime’s international standing but also serving important domestic purposes at the same time.