BASE-ISOLATION DESIGN PRACTICE IN JAPAN: INTRODUCTION TO THE POST-KOBE APPROACH

Japan has twenty years of experience in designing and constructing base-isolated building structures. Construction has increased significantly since the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake, having reached over 150 annual construction projects. Many new developments and refinements have been made in the material, device, design, and construction of these structures. This paper summarises recent design and construction of base-isolated building structures in Japan, including statistical data with respect to the common usage as well as the number of new projects. It is notable that the size, height, and fundamental natural period of new base-isolated buildings increase steadily with time, indicating that base-isolation in Japan is reaching maturity. Base-isolators and dampers commonly adopted in Japan are also introduced, with emphasis on recent design efforts to enlarge the natural period of base-isolated structures and reduce the lateral forces induced in the superstructure. Basic design procedures are presented, including determination of design earthquake forces, modelling of base-isolation layers, modelling of the superstructure, selection of ground motions, time-history analyses, and performance criteria. A mandated peer-review system, unique for design of base-isolated structures, is also noted. Several characteristic issues in the design of base-isolated structures are discussed: Variation of base-isolation material properties, applications to high-rise buildings, effects of vertical ground motions, and response when subjected to near-fault ground motions.     

The Industrial Heritage in Japan

Abstract

Although Japan had begun to learn Western technology from the mid-sixteenth century, it was immediately before the Meiji Restoration in 1868 that the imminent necessity of industrialization was realized by a few farsighted leaders of some feudal clans. Thereafter, her industrialization made rapid progress down to the time of World War II, when much industrial equipment was lost in the massive air-raids.

The loss of her pre-war plants was further aggravated by the extensive renewal of old-fashioned buildings and machines, carried out during the period of her economic growth in the 1960s. This paper attemps to describe how the surviving industrial monuments from several representative sections of industry are preserved either on site or in museums, and how their study has recently been taken up in Japan.     

Issues in Urban Industrial Conservation: The Nottingham Lace Market

Abstract

The preservation of industrial buildings of historic interest is of prime importance to the industrial archaeologist. Yet many of these buildings are to be found within the heart of the great manufacturing cities. How are they to be conserved alongside the built environments within which they were originally set? This article takes the Nottingham Lace Market, which contains some of the finest examples of nineteenth century industrial buildings, and addresses itself to the question of how various public agencies have attempted to make the area economically viable in order to facilitate conservation and preservation work.     

Structural concepts of anastylosis

Abstract

Ancient buildings have been re-erected for more than one hundred years, during which time various concepts concerning the preservation of monuments have been developed. Classical buildings in particular – considered to represent the European cultural heritage – became the focus of fundamental discussions. In order to understand and compare approaches to historic monuments, this paper contrasts ancient and modern building structures. New supporting systems – using modern substitute materials and connecting elements – nevertheless remain weaker than the original structures. From the beginning of the twentieth century until recent years, the concepts of anastylosis have in many cases been determined by what was technologically feasible at the time.     

近代英国工业城市的空间结构与城市规划（1848-1939）

以曼彻斯特、伯明翰和利兹为代表的新型工业城市在空间结构方面体现出鲜明特征:随着新型工业建筑的出现,土地功能实现区分;各类建筑交叉林立,城市布局混乱;新的社会阶层居所分离形成。这种空间结构特征,使得工业城市中的"城市病"问题尤为突出。在英国19世纪中叶兴起的近代城市规划运动中,工业城市积极开展规划实践,空间结构得到合理重组,"城市病"得以缓解,城市面貌显著改观。     

Elemore Colliery and the Hetton Coal Company

Abstract

Elemore Colliery in Tyne and Wear but formerly in County Durham (NZ 356456), now stands disused but earmarked for preservation (see Plate 1). The colliery surface buildings are to be preserved and opened to the public. To the industrial archaeologist the most interesting feature of the colliery is the early nineteenth century single cylinder vertical winding engine which stands in its original, though slightly modified, house. It is the only engine of its type known to survive in situ; the other mine buildings are predominantly Edwardian. The colliery, which before nationalization had been owned by the Hetton Coal Company, the Lambton and Hetton Collieries Ltd and the Lambton, Hetton and Joicey Collieries Ltd, closed in 1973/4. Elemore holds no special position in the history of coal mining in general nor indeed in the history of the Durham area, other than as a member of the prosperous and influential Hetton groups of collieries. However, its origins and its development make an interesting study which not only illuminates its own past but also sheds light on the development of the area and the industry as a whole.     

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ORIGINS OF VARIATION IN PERISHABLE ARCHITECTURE AT JONATHAN CREEK

Abstract

The Jonathan Creek site in Kentucky was excavated in the early 1940s in an effort to uncover the community plan of an entire Mississippian town and mound center. Although the project terminated prematurely, the remnants of 89 structures representing a diverse array of architectural foundation styles were documented. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of multiple attributes, such as posthole diameter and spacing, wall-trench width and depth, roof supports, and floor area, are necessary to adequately parse the variation in architectural style, construct inferences about the aboveground appearance of buildings, and suggest origins for the diverse construction methods used at the site. At least some of the distinctive differences in foundation preparation would have resulted in diversity in the appearance of finished buildings. Time is not wholly adequate to explain this diversity. Technological and functional choices made by the ancient builders account for some of this variation, while social, genealogical, and ethnic differences, and possibly distinctive ritual customs and traditions among the residents, explain other sources of variation.     

Conservation of Mining Sites in the Gwydyr Forest Area of the Snowdonia National Park

Abstract

The Gwydyr Forest near Llanrwst in the Snowdonia National Park contains a significant number of mining remains in an area of some eight square kilometres. These structures provide examples of a whole range of mining and dressing processes from the use of simple hand dressing techniques to the foundations of an early flotation mill. In the recent past, buildings have been needlessly demolished but this process has been partially arrested in the last five years, helped by the introduction of a land reclamation scheme which, in addition to public safety, takes account of the industrial archaeology of the area. Up to 1989, conservation work had been carried out on only one site, but schemes have also been proposed for two others. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the approaches taken and the factors to be considered before conservation work can be carried out on mining sites.     

The presentation of research in and under existing buildings

Abstract

Rarely do buildings remain unchanged over long periods. Damage due to the ravages of time, destruction by human violence or natural catastrophes force repairs. In pre-industrial centuries attempts were made to incorporate existing walls into repairs and additions. Since the finished building should give a uniform impression, however, traces of remodelling were rarely visible, usually hidden under a new ‘skin’. Researching and repairing such remodelled buildings often lead to the discovery of earlier remains. Should these new discoveries be kept visible in order to document and to demonstrate the historical process? Reconstruction of pre-existing buildings is less problematic if the later, existing structures are removed, but it is necessary to deal with the lack of simultaneity – one must add to the structures remaining, resulting in mostly hypothetical reconstructions. This problem is illustrated mainly by examples from Ratisbon and Prague. Excavations lead to similar questions – seldom are remains from a single period uncovered. There are usually traces of different successive stages. If the excavation area is open to the sky, the problem is how to conserve what has been uncovered and make it understandable. Excavations and the presentation of their results inside existing buildings pose different problems. Solutions include leaving openings in, or creating room below, the new floor in order to leave earlier remains accessible.     

The archaeology of industry; people and places

The development of industrial archaeology over the last 50 years can be traced through articles published in PMA. The early stages of recording the standing remains of industrial activity were augmented by detailed studies of groups of structures which revealed the organization of the manufacturing process. From the late 1980s, developer-funded excavations became important following extensive remediation work on brownfield sites. Greater attention was paid to the social context of past industrial activity including workers’ housing and institutional buildings, and this has continued with studies of oral history. New challenges considered include studies of modern technologies, de-industrialization and the digital revolution.     

Concentration Camp Buildings as Artifacts: The Archaeology of Buildings in the Mauthausen-Gusen Complex

This article deals with the interpretation and display of the buildings and other built structures at the Mauthausen concentration camp. After decades of neglect the many standing buildings of the Mauthausen-Gusen complex are now being analyzed as a source of information about the Nazi terror system. This shift is part of a change in what is regarded as important and authentic at such sites and is connected to the educational approach now taking center stage. The archaeological investigation of buildings plays an important role in this process. Through many examples drawn from the killing and cremation area, the kitchen buildings and elsewhere, the article goes on to demonstrate both the explanatory potential of the architecture and how it is being presented in today’s memorial landscape.     

日本神户华侨华人研究史概论

神户华侨华人研究分为三个阶段 :1970年代初以前是起步阶段 ,1970年代初至1980年代是进展阶段 ,1990年代是重要发展阶段。半个多世纪以来 ,随着日本社会和国际社会的变化 ,神户华侨华人研究从学者的个别研究发展到设定课题的专题研究 ,并进一步扩大到共同研究和国际交流 ;研究领域从历史学扩展到多学科、跨学科研究。今后的研究重点应加强对社区与区域、新老华侨、日本与其他国家华侨的比较研究 ,加强从移民角度及地域特色角度研究华侨文化及其变迁 ,加强对新华侨问题的研究。     

The Use of a Large-Scale Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Approach for Masonry Façade Walls as an Effective Tool for Evaluating,Managing and Mitigating Seismic Risk in Historical Centers

ABSTRACT

The vulnerability assessment of the building stock in a given territorial area, such as a city or an entire country, is a key prerequisite for evaluating risk, not only because of the potential physical consequences resulting from the occurrence of an event, but also because it is one of the few aspects in which engineering research can intervene. In fact, the rigorous vulnerability assessment of existing buildings followed by the implementation of appropriate retrofitting solutions can help to substantially reduce the levels of physical damage and economic impact of future events. Particularly regarding the seismic vulnerability assessment of historical centers, the amount of knowledge that has been accumulated over the past decades, together with the broad damage data obtained from post-earthquake damage surveys, provides a singular opportunity to develop and calibrate innovative large-scale seismic vulnerability assessment approaches, which can be used to outline and support risk mitigation and management strategies. This article addresses this issue by discussing the use of a large-scale seismic vulnerability assessment methodology for masonry façade walls as a tool for evaluating the potential benefit resulting from the application of different seismic retrofitting strategies, both considering their contribution to reduce post-event urban losses and accessibility.     

The conservation and management of mudbrick buildings at Tell Qasile,Israel

Abstract

Tell Qasile, in the area of the Eretz Israel Museum in north Tel Aviv, is the location of a small town founded in the twelfth century BCE. The site has significant importance for the study of various aspects of the Iron Age period in Israel. The buildings at the site were constructed of mudbricks on stone foundations. Conservation of buildings at the site was carried out using three methods: 1) building roofs (in roofed areas no other conservation was needed); 2) conserving mudbrick walls by plastering them in modern plaster made up in imitation of ancient building material; 3) full restoration of buildings up to roof level (carried out in one case). These methods were successful, and, due to the location of the site within a large museum compound, it is utilized for archaeological education, mainly of schoolchildren.     

Solar Climate Control An Opportunity for World-wide Use of Solar Energy

Abstract

An investigation covering the United States, Europe and Japan has been carried out since 1973 to determine the use of solar energy for heating and cooling the inside of buildings. This study, supported by and on behalf of more than 100 industrial companies was led by the author who here for the first time reports his findings to the general scientific public. A large interdisciplinary team of engineers, economists, planners and building experts was involved and their methodology their technical considerations, as well as costs, marketing and constraint are reported. Detailed data obtained from the project have only been communicated to the sponsors and are not publicly available.     

REPORT ON DAMAGE TO INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES IN THE 1999 KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE,TURKEY

The author got a chance to visit Turkey for investigating the damage of industrial facilities in the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake which occurred on 17 August 1999 in the Kocaeli province of Turkey.

This report provides a brief investigation obtained through the seismic damage survey, particularly, focused on the damages to industrial facilities. The epicentral area in the Kocaeli province is the most industrial region of Turkey. Severe excitation attacked this region and industrial plants and structures were more or less damaged. Since the author could only visit a few sites, the report mainly describes the damages of two plants; TÜPRA? oil refinery where big fire occurred and TOYOTA-SA car manufacturing factory where no significant damage appeared.     

The Flax Spinning Mill in Mysłakowice near Jelenia Góra,Poland

Abstract

The Orze? flax spinning industry in Mys?akowice has a manufacturing tradition extending back to 1839 when the Flachsgarn Maschinen Spinnerei und Weberei was set up in Erndmansdorf in Lower Silesia. The development of the works is documented by well-preserved factory buildings in which the same manufacturing process has been taking place for 150 years. The cast iron frame of the spinning mill may also be regarded as a pioneering structure in Silesian industrial buildings.     

大连市城市空间结构形成与演进机制

大连城市空间最初在沿海平原形成,然后圈层扩展,面积逐渐扩大,最后跨越形成组团发展模式。大连经历了从商贸港口城市到工业城市,再到综合性现代化城市的演变。城市内部空间结构则随城市功能定位和城市规划而不断调整。在影响城市空间结构的因素中,环境因素带来发展机遇的同时形成约束,政治因素主导了大连城市空间结构的演化过程,经济因素的影响越来越大,社会因素作用还不明显。     

Industrial suburbs and the growth of metropolitan Pittsburgh, 1870–1920

In 1907, the Pittsburgh Survey team recognized that dispersed industrial development had created a metropolitan area stretching 30 to 50 miles from downtown Pittsburgh. Traditional interpretations of metropolitan formation fail to account for the crucial role of industry in this process. Beginning in the 1870s, the transformation from small, craft organized factories to integrated mills, mass production, and modern management organization in steel and other industries led many manufacturers to search for large sites with railroad and river accessibility. They purchased land, designed modern plants, and sometimes built towns for workers. Other firms bought into new communities begun as speculative industrial real estate ventures. Some owners removed their plants from the city's labour politics to exert greater control over workers. The region's rugged topography and dispersed natural resources of coal and gas accentuated this dispersal. The rapid growth of steel, glass, railroad equipment and coke industries resulted in both large mass-production plants and numerous smaller firms. As capital deepened and interdependence grew, participants multiplied, economies accrued, the division of labour increased, and localized production systems formed around these industries. Transportation, capital, labour markets, and the division of labour in production bound the scattered industrial plants and communities into a sprawling metropolitan district. By 1910 the Pittsburgh district was a complex urban landscape with a dominant central city, surrounded by proximate residential communities, mill towns, satellite cities, and hundreds of mining towns.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Corrales de Indios</Emphasis> (Lithic Structures) in Tandilia,Argentina: A Global Study

In the central-southeastern area of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, lies a mountainous area of low height in Tandilia that contains important outcrops of quartzite and granite. A large number of buildings are made of massive blocks of rock, some of them with a surface of over 1 ha. In addition to these completely artificial constructions are other structures that are semi-natural, having been made in places with special topographical characteristics and complemented with dry-stone walls. Scanty written documents allow us to attribute some of the constructions to an age before the permanent settlement of the Creole population. In the Tandilia Sierras these structures are commonly known as “corrales de indios” (Indian corrals). This designation involves a double prejudice with regard to function and cultural affiliation. Out of a total of 22 structures, we analyze a group of 4 that were excavated to use to review the written documents.