Congress and Foreign Policy: Toward a More Functional Analysis

Crabb, Cecil V., Jr., and Pat Holt, eds. Invitation to Struggle: Congress, The President and Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1980. Pp. xii, 234. $9.75, paper. Franck, Thomas M. and Edward Weisband. Foreign Policy by Congress. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979. Pp. ix, 357. $15.95, hardbound. Spanier, John, and Joseph Nogee, eds. Congress, The Presidency and American Foreign Policy. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981. Pp. xxxii, 211. $30.00, hardbound; $10.95, paper. Whalen, Charles W., Jr. The House and Foreign Policy: The Irony of Congressional Reform. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press, 1982. Pp. x, 207. $18.95, hardbound; $9.95, paper.     

鸟瞰云海 奇景万千

<正>每次赴美探亲,总希望能买到靠窗的机票。因为乘机遨游九霄,如果有个靠窗的位置,俯瞰云海,既可欣赏奇云壮景,又能减少旅途的劳顿,这对长达13个小时的行程来说的确是一件赏心悦目的惬意事。当飞机穿云拨雾冲上蓝天之后,同机的人大多开始闭目养神休息,而我却愿在此时倚窗鸟瞰,欣赏机外云海的千变万化。飘渺的云朵像一个魔术师,变幻出各异的姿态,装点着整个天空。有时如雪山,银装素裹;有时像     

More on mapping

Down to Earth: a travelling exhibition about soils

Leicestershire Museums, Art Galleries and Records Services, in conjunction with the Soil Survey of England and Wales

Down to Earth

S. Nortcliff (1984), Leicestershire Museums Publication 52 (0–85022–143–9), 56 pp.

Ground Work

M. Jarman (1984), Leicestershire Museums Publication 53 (0–85022–144–7)     

More on assessment

This paper calls attention to the difficulties of broaching issues of 'race' and 'sex' in the classroom in the context of nation-wide institutional calls for multiculturalism. I argue that critical multicultural objectives can only be successful if: (1) faculty who take curricular and pedagogical risks are able to count on strong support from colleagues, departmental chairs and university administrators; (2) classroom realities of homophobia, sexism and racism are acknowledged at an institutional structural level to be societal in reach and global in scale; (3) we engage in evaluative strategies that are educative about the learning process; and (4) we stress to students the emotional realities and practical skills involved in learning about, and working through, social conflict and difference.     

匍有土田考

1973～1974年,在江西清江吴城进行三次考古发掘[1],出土青铜、陶、玉、石等器物五百余件.发掘简报把该遗址分为三期,第一期相当于郑州二里岗上层文化,时间为商代中期,第二期相当于安阳殷墟文化的早期和中期,第三期略相当于殷代晚期,可能延续到周初.     

FIBS in Archaeobotany: Functional Interpretation of Weed Floras in Relation to Husbandry Practices

The application of “FIBS” (Functional Interpretation of Botanical Surveys) to the interpretation of archaeobotanical weed floras, as evidence of past husbandry practices, is explored. To illustrate the potential of the approach, present-day cereal fields in N. Spain are analysed in terms of the functional attributes of the weed species represented in dry-farmed and irrigated fields. Functional attributes are identified which relate in predictable ways to the quality of plant growth and the severity of drought. These attributes are successful in discriminating dry-farmed and irrigated fields. This investigation opens up the way for more general application of the method in the archaeobotanical study of crop husbandry. FIBS (a) permits the “translation” of ecological information from one group of species to another, via functional attributes, and (b) through an understanding of the ecological processes involved, provides a potential mechanism for reconstructing extinct agricultural regimes for which modern analogues do not exist. This presents an alternative to the traditional use of ecological indices (which are open to circularity of interpretation) or phytosociological groupings (for which there may not have been exact parallels in the past). The relevance of particular functional attributes to husbandry methods other than irrigation now needs to be explored in order to develop the methodology for general application to archaeobotanical weed assemblages.     

More substance on subsistence

Bernard Nietschmann. Between Land and Water. New York: Seminar Press, 1973. xiv + 279 pp. Illustrations, tables, appendixes, glossary, references, and index. $14.00.

James Ward, producer‐editor, and Brian Weiss, anthropologist‐photographer. The Turtle People. Los Angeles: B & C Films. Twenty‐six minutes. Color and sound. $310.00 (purchase price), $25.00 (rental fee).     

再论1929年中东路事件的收场

中东路事件发生后,国民政府继续对苏强硬,一再放弃和平解决事件的机会,并几度阻挠东北地方当局和平解决的尝试,中苏交涉陷于停顿。苏联遂在边境发起一系列军事进攻,使东北方面损失惨重。在苏联强大的军事压力和国内变乱频生的情况下,国民政府应对乏力,只得放松了对东北方面自谋局部交涉的限制,事件乃以中方接受苏联最初提出的条件而草草收场。     

再论1929年中东路事件的发动

在民国时期的涉外事件中,中东路事件是一个较为特殊的例子,因为一般的涉外事件往往由外国势力引起,中方处于被动,而中东路事件是由中方主动挑起的。东北地方当局、张学良是事件的主要决策,南京国民政府对此采取了积极鼓动和支持的态度。张学良、蒋介石此时将苏联视为头号敌国,主动出击,而忽视了日本对中国由来已久、日渐扩大的威胁,对国际战略局势的把握发生了严重偏差,造成了对外战略中的一连串失误和损失,付出了惨重的代价。     

对一份日军细菌战文件的解读

1942年底,日本细菌战部队之重要人物增田知贞在实践基础上形成了系统的细菌战理论.本文主要从细菌战的特点、细菌战战略以及细菌战的进攻与防御几个方面对增田知贞的细菌战理论进行解读.     

“召陵宫当”瓦当考释

"召陵宫当"瓦当早在清末就已出土,但学术界对于其出土地点一直以来存在着误判。文章通过收集此类瓦当拓片并梳理文献资料,认为"召陵宫当"瓦当的准确出土地应为今河南省郾城市东15公里的召陵故城遗址,再通过"召陵宫当"瓦当与安徽阜阳所出的"女阴宫当"瓦当的对比分析,可基本确认"召陵宫当"瓦当的年代为西汉中期。     

Comparison of Plane Forms

Nonlinear two-dimensional grid transformations are used to compare plane figures. The method is based on the identification of homologous points, and thus can be considered as a bidimensional extension of ordinary curvilinear regression, but is here approached from the point of view of cartography. All of the techniques illustrated by Thompson in 1917 can be mimicked by the computer program. Extensions of the method, based on the derivatives of the transformations, permit the determination of the axes of principal change, and also suggest numerical measures for the degree of similarity of topologically equivalent figures. Applications are illustrated in biology and geography, and more general uses are suggested.     

More on the structure of British education and the role of geography

Abstract

Geography in higher education is severely constrained by its bureaucratic organisation. There is a need for new directions in social science at this level, for the current courses do not meet the requirements of a mass education system in which an academic training is not required for the majority of students. Such new directions should involve the integration of the social sciences in a structural framework, so that the subject matter of the disciplinary parts is comprehended within the context of the societal whole.