安徽地区文化变迁与史学——为《安徽史学》复刊20周年而作

安徽地区的文化是我们伟大民族文化的重要组成部分,几千年来,历经一系列重大的变化.到了近代,皖籍学人在近代文化史上产生了重大的影响,安徽学人在历史学上形成有相当影响的群体.应当研究在长期文化发展过程中安徽近代史学的特点.这对于发展安徽地区的文化与史学有重要意义.从几千年地区文化发展大背景下,以政治经济文化发展不平衡的思想,把地区史学与全国史学联系起来进行探讨,是史学研究的一条思路.     

30年来的中国近代思想文化史研究

30年来的中国近代思想史研究,依据研究重心的变化可以分为三个阶段:一是1978年到80年代末,研究重点集中于思想家个案及政治思想史方面;二是80年代末到90年代末,研究重心逐渐转变为以社会思潮史及思想家个案为主;三是90年代末以来,研究重心集中于社会思潮史和学术思想史领域.正是在研究重心的逐渐转移过程之中,近代思想史研究的广度不断拓宽,研究深度亦渐次深化.改革开放之后中国学术界最引人注目的现象之一,是中国文化史研究的复兴;90年代以后中国文化史发展的新趋势,是社会文化史研究的勃然兴起.长期无人问津或受人冷落的研究领域,如近代科技文化、民间宗教、民间意识与观念、文化心态、公共空间领域、新词语与观念变迁等,受到学术界的广泛关注并出现了许多研究成果.近代社会文化史正在成为史学新观念和新方法的一个重要生长点.     

Impulses of agro-pastoralism in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC on the south-western coastal rim of Norway

Abstract

A review of the available archaeological and palaeoecological evidence from the coastal heathlands of south-western Norway was compiled to reveal the processes of neolithisation proceeding from the Early Neolithic towards the generally accepted breakthrough in the Late Neolithic, 2500/2350 cal. BC. South-western Norway then became part of the Scandinavian, and thus the European, agricultural complex. Three phases of forest clearance are recorded — from 4000–3600 cal. BC, 2500–2200 cal. BC and 1900–1400 cal. BC. Deforestation was intentional and followed a regional pattern linked to the geology and topography of the land. In the first period (4000–2500 cal. BC), forage from broad-leaved trees was important, while cereal cultivation was scarcely recorded. Agro-Neolithic (here referring to agriculturally-related Neolithic) artefacts and eco-facts belonging to the Funnel Beaker and Battle Axe culture are rare, but pervasive. They must primarily be considered to be status indicators with a ritual function; the hunter-gatherer economy still dominated. The breakthrough in agro-pastoral production in the Late Neolithic was complex and the result of interactions between several variables, i.e. a) deforestation resulting from agriculture being practised for nearly 1500 years b) experience with small-scale agriculture through generations and c) intensified exchange systems with other South Scandinavian regions. From 2500/2350 cal. BC onwards, two distinct environmental courses are noticeable in all pollen diagrams from the study area, indicating expansion in pastoralism, either towards heath or towards grassland and permanent fields.     

近十年中国近代政治制度史研究的回顾与思考

近十年中国近代政治制度史在研究领域扩大的同时,在取向与方法方面都发生了很大的变化,制度史不仅成为研究的内容,也成为一种研究视角与方法。近代政治制度史研究在制度变迁及其特征、制度生成机制等方面进行了一系列理论与方法的探索与创新。本文在总结近十年近代政治制度史研究成就的基础上,提出了从三个层次拓展政治制度史研究领域的建议,并就近代政治制度史的评价标准问题提出了自己的看法。     

Environmental changes in the Maryut lagoon (northwestern Nile delta) during the last ∼2000 years

Here, we interpret the evolution of Maryut lagoon (Egypt) during the past ∼2000 years. Chronostratigraphy and laboratory analyses have enabled us to identify four main phases since the 3rd century AD: (1) a fluvial-dominated lagoon between the 2nd–3rd and the 8–9th centuries cal. AD; (2) a gradual desiccation of the lagoon toward a sebkha-like environment from the 9–10th to the 13th centuries cal. AD; (3) a fluvial-dominated lagoon from the 13th century cal. AD; and (4) a second gradual desiccation between the 17th and the 18th centuries cal. AD. The general aridification trend described throughout the study period may be linked to the gradual decline of the Canopic branch, which supplied the Maryut lagoon with freshwater. Nonetheless, at shorter timescales, the different phases of lagoon aridification and flooding coincide with land abandonment and irrigation works in the region. It is suggested that the history of the Alexandria countryside has been a key driver in shaping the environmental history of the Maryut during the past ∼2000 years.     

A Canadian Scholar'S Views on Geography in Canada and in the USSR

There has long been controversy over the exact location of the middle segment of the great medieval trade route from the Varangians (Northmen) in the Baltic to the Greeks (Byzantium) in the Black Sea. There is no ambiguity about the northern segment, between Novgorod and the Baltic, or the southern segment, from Smolensk down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, but authors have tended to disagree about the various rivers, lakes and portages used by traders in the Russian heartland between Novgorod and Smolensk. A Russian chronicle describing a campaign led by Aleksandr Nevskiy against a Lithuanian force in 1245 sheds light on the alignment of the middle segment of the trade route. It appears that the route originally passed through Velikiye Luki in the 10th century. As this area became embroiled in clashes between warring Russian principalities, the trade route shifted eastward to the Toropets area, which became dominant by the 13th century. The existence of two additional minor routes is also noted.     

新中国60年党对马克思主义中国化最新成果的实践与探索

在新中国成立60年来马克思主义中国化的进程中,中国共产党坚持把马克思主义基本原理与中国建设实际相结合,形成了邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观三大理论成果,创立了中国特色社会主义理论体系,开创了马克思主义中国化的新境界。     

10,000 years of human predation and size changes in the owl limpet (Lottia gigantea) on San Miguel Island,California

To investigate potential human impacts on California Channel Island shellfish stocks over the past 10,000 years, we measured 1718 owl limpet shells from 19 archaeological components on San Miguel Island. Inhabiting the middle intertidal zone of Pacific Coast rocky shores, owl limpets are slow-growing mollusks that can live for 30 years and reach lengths of over 100 mm. Recent ecological studies indicate that owl limpets are highly susceptible to heavy human predation, which results in reduced mean shell sizes among Lottia populations along the coasts of Alta and Baja California. On San Miguel Island, we identified a significant trans-Holocene reduction in mean owl limpet size, beginning more than 6500 years ago and accelerating at least 4400 years ago. Fluctuations in limpet size show no clear correlation with changes in sea surface temperature and marine productivity, suggesting that increased predation by growing human populations was primarily responsible for the reduction in Lottia size over time. Our results provide further evidence that prehistoric peoples significantly influenced nearshore fisheries long before the development of the commercial and industrialized fisheries of historic times.     

20世纪二三十年代安徽小学教员及其生计初探

19世纪末以来,随着现代教育的发展,教师逐渐成为一个新兴的职业群体。20世纪二三十年代,在安徽从事初等教育的主要是一个以中等学校毕业为主的男性群体。他们接受的是现代科学的训练,尽管学历不高,年龄不大,但却是乡村社会中的知识传播精英。他们收入微薄,繁重的生活压力与工作负担使得他们最终成为乡村革命的播火者。     

社会转型时期美国就业女性的困境、原因及影响分析(1870-1920)

1870至1920年,美国社会初步实现了从传统农业社会向现代化工业社会的巨大转型,并由此形成了一股女性就业的高潮。但是,就业女性职业生涯的短暂性,缺乏工会组织的相应保护,岗位竞争异常激烈以及美国当时的社会大环境等因素,导致就业女性在工作中遭遇到职业选择受限、劳动报酬不公、劳动时间过长和工作环境恶劣等诸多困境,并对当时的美国社会产生了较为深远的影响。     

Indigenous Exceptionalism under Fire: Assessing Indigenous Soldiers in Combat with the Australian,Canadian, New Zealand and American Armies during the Second World War

The literature on Indigenous participation in the Second World War from Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand has tended to portray Indigenous soldiers as exceptionally able and courageous in battle. While heart-warmingly laudatory and an understandable product of genuine evidentiary challenges in researching this subject, the image constructed is partial and unrealistic. At best it is misleading; at worst it conflates indigeneity and combat proficiency in ways that reinforce racial stereotypes of Indigenous people as ‘natural’ warriors prevalent during the war. This article argues that we discard the exceptionalism enshrouding Indigenous combat performance in favour of a more culturally nuanced approach.     

The influence of betterment discourses on Canadian Aboriginal peoples in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Based on government archival sources, fieldwork and the historical perspectives, experiences and oral histories of Aboriginal peoples, this paper argues that late nineteenth and early twentieth century Indian policy, and more specifically the File Hills farm colony, was deeply influenced by betterment discourses. The presumption of this discourse was that Aboriginal peoples, who clearly were not vanishing as promised, could be transformed into something approaching white settlers by reshaping, controlling, and managing their environments, both private and public, and by altering their genetics and morals. While the betterment discourse and the File Hills colony have each been the focus of research, no one to our knowledge has focused on the importance of betterment thought in the establishment and application of Indian policy and its significance for the File Hills colony.     

Perimortem trauma in the Atacama Desert and social violence during the late Formative period (2500–1700 years BP)

This paper describes a case of a mass grave containing three naturally mummified adults with multiple traumas to the skeletal and soft tissues, buried in an isolated and informal grave in one of the valleys that traverses the Atacama Desert, north of Chile. These traumas do not appear to be indicative of post‐depositional alterations. Instead, we hypothesise that the observed marks correspond to lethal perimortem trauma, the result of acts of extreme violence brought to bear on the three individuals. Three radiocarbon dates from the site identify that the burial occurred circa 2000 BP in the Azapa Valley, which corresponds to an epoch of important cultural changes linked to the development of farming communities that broke away from an ancient marine hunter–gatherer cultural tradition. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

梅光迪、胡适留美期间关于中国文化的讨论——以儒学、孔教和文学革命为中心

留学初期,梅光迪以创造中国新文化为己任,发掘儒学的现代价值,对其不适于现代的部分则加以批判,积极探索复兴儒学和融合中西文化的途径。这一主张得到了胡适的积极呼应。在孔教运动中,梅光迪赞同建立孔教,而胡适则对简单恢复孔教的做法提出批评,二人还就基督教、西方现代文明等问题进行了讨论。1915年后,胡适以实验主义为指针,力倡文学革命,梅光迪对其积极支持,同时也以新人文主义观念不断予以批评,尤其是在诗歌问题上。胡适、梅光迪关于文学革命的主张尽管不同,但却相反相成,相生相长。胡适倡导的文学革命主张在近代中国文化史、思想史上产生了划时代的影响;而梅光迪对其的批评也具有深刻的思想内涵,对近代中国的文化变革颇具启示意义。     

Phytoliths and microcharcoal at Jinluojia archeological site in middle reaches of Yangtze River indicative of paleoclimate and human activity during the last 3000 years

A variety of phytoliths, together with prolific microcharcoal particles, sponge spicules and diatoms were extracted and identified in four cultural layers from an archeological site at Jinluojia, Macheng, Hubei Province, Central China. The warmth (Iw) and aridity (Iph) indices calculated from grass phytoliths reveal warm and wet periods during the West Zhou, early East Zhou, Tang and Song Dynasties whilst cool and dry periods occurred during the late East Zhou, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The paleoclimate conditions reconstructed on the basis of grass phytoliths extracted from archeological sediments are in agreement with those from natural sediments in the Middle Yangtze region. In contrast, the woody phytoliths show a positive correlation with microcharcoal particles, suggesting an anthropogenic contribution to the woody phytoliths from the use of woody plants for fuel during cooking and heating. Two episodes of the enhanced abundance of woody phytoliths and microcharcoal particles were found to occur at East Zhou Dynasty and from Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Present, proposed to be a consequence of the population expansion and/or the frequent wars.     

近十年明清宗族研究综述

明清时期断代性综合研究以及闽粤、长江中游(鄂湘赣)、江南(江浙皖)、北方(晋冀鲁豫陕)的地域性宗族研究,展示出明清时期宗族组织普及的时间差与区域分布,地域性宗族的特殊性和一般性。最有挑战性的是华北宗族研究,北方宗族形态的特色日渐清晰。受到乡约保甲的深刻影响,明代宗族乡约化,清代宗族受保甲影响出现族正,在闽台地区深入基层社会。宗族研究不应忽略族学、书院等地方文化内容。宗族的形成发展也与移民、开发联系在一起,祖先传说的故事结合地方社会才能深刻理解。解析祖先故事成为宗族研究的重要途径,族谱世系的早期部分也焕发出新的资料价值。田野调查与改变解读史料的方式在宗族研究中十分必要。     

20世纪60年代前期湖南省推行农业生产责任制的回顾与启示

20世纪60年代前期,湖南省推行农业生产责任制与大跃进运动和反右倾斗争导致国民经济出现严重困难局面有密切联系,整个过程经历了试点、推广、挫折三个阶段。实行农业生产责任制后,农民的生产积极性被调动起来,粮食产量提高,为湖南省农业迅速走出困境发挥了重要作用。但由于农业生产责任制是局限在三级所有,队为基础的基本体制框架内实行的,因此,阻碍了农民生产积极性的进一步发挥。     

植物对岩土文物的作用及保护技术研究进展

由于人工-自然复合生态系统的不稳定性及保存环境的复杂性，岩土文物长期遭受着生物与非生物因素的威胁，其中，植物对遗址的作用及其保护应用技术一直备受关注。对相关研究成果总结表明，基于植物的新型遗址防护技术以其绿色、可持续和环境兼容等优势在石质古城墙、夯土类遗址等的保护中逐渐成为替代工程类抢救性保护措施，但存在植物对岩土文物作用机理认知不足、研究技术受限、防控新技术应用滞后及其效果不佳、保护遗址植物选种及后期维护较难等问题，致使植物与岩土文物间的辩证关系至今界定不清，极大限制了保护技术的研发。结合我国石窟寺、土遗址保护面临的生物学问题，针对植物保护遗址技术实施的限制因素，作出以下展望：1)厘清植物对岩土文物的损害及保护作用机理；2)构建不同环境下界定植物对岩土文物正负效应的科学评估体系；3)明确植物种内和种间的相互作用以及驱动植物在岩土文物表面建植的关键因子；4)结合全球气候变化，研发岩土文物有害植物的精准防控技术；5)筛选适宜的软覆盖植物种并对其防护效果进行评估；6)研发基于BSC的软覆盖技术，开展环境适应性和保护效果评估。     

Implications of heat-induced changes in bone on the interpretation of funerary behaviour and practice

Bones submitted to heat experience structural and chromatic modifications. In particular, heat-induced bone warping and thumbnail fractures have been linked to the burning of fleshed and green bones – where the soft tissues have been removed from the bones soon after death – in contrast to dry bones. Those have been suggested as indicators of the state of the individual before being burned thus allowing inferences about the funerary behaviour of archaeological populations. A large sample of 61 skeletons submitted to cremation has been examined for the presence of both of these heat-induced features. Although uncommon, bone warping and thumbnail fractures were present in some of the skeletons demonstrating that its presence is not restricted to the burning of non-dried bones as generally believed. Rather than being an indicator of the presence of bones with soft tissues, bone warping seems to be more of an indicator of the preservation of collagen–apatite links which can be maintained on dry bones with low collagen deterioration. In addition, our results also do not confirm thumbnail fractures as an exclusive sign of the burning of bones with soft tissues. As a result, these heat-induced changes should be used with caution when trying to infer about the pre-burning state of an individual.     

Economic and environmental changes during the 4th and 3rd millennia BC: the 25th Jubilee Symposium of the AEA in Bad Buchau,southern Germany

Abstract

This study represents the first detailed published analysis of a relatively large archaeologically derived faunal assemblage in eastern Beringia for the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene. The faunal remains, dated to 10,100 cal. BP, are well preserved and have highly resolved spatial association with lithics and hearth features. Factors in the formation of the assemblage are assessed through analyses of weathering, presence/absence of carnivore damage, fragmentation patterns, bone density, and economic utility. Taphonomic analyses indicate that human transport and processing decisions were the major agents responsible for assemblage formation. A spatial model of wapiti and bison carcass processing at this site is proposed detailing faunal trajectories from the kill sites, introduction on site in a central staging area to peripheral marrow extraction areas associated with hearths and lithic items. Data from mortality profiles, spatial analysis, and economic analysis are used to interpret general economy and site function within this period in Interior Alaska. These data and intersite comparisons demonstrate that considerable economic variability existed during the Early Holocene, from broad spectrum foraging to efficient, specialized terrestrial large mammal hunting.