欧洲历史上家庭概念的演变及其特征

本文分析了自古典时代到 1 8世纪欧洲人家庭观念的演变及其与欧洲社会经济发展的关系。作者认为 ,古代罗马的家庭具有奴性 ,与奴隶制有关。随着奴隶制和家长权的衰落 ,以婚姻和血缘关系为基础的自然家庭的重要性逐渐显现。但是 ,家庭要成为一个独立的社会组织还要经历一个漫长的过程。在中世纪前期 ,欧洲人的家庭生活集体依然依附于当时的土地耕作制度。份地是当时的赋税征收单位 ,它包容了数量不同、形式多样的家庭户。份地制度的衰落终于使家庭户成为独立的社会组织。但至少从中世纪中期起至 1 8世纪中叶 ,欧洲人所说的家庭实际上就是家庭户 ,同住的非亲族成员也被算成家庭的一员 ,与户主形成假性的家庭关系。近代初期 ,随着商品货币关系向家庭户的渗透 ,从前虚拟的家庭关系便转化为雇佣关系 ,家庭才成为一个以血缘和婚姻关系为基础、共同生活的亲族集体 ,现代的家庭概念得以形成。作者认为 ,在欧洲历史上 ,家庭组织的存在方式和人们的家庭观念始终与一定的社会经济条件相联系 ,它们的演变过程几乎就是一部简约的欧洲史。     

Agency,Periodisation and Change in the Gender and Women's History of Colonial India

The paper begins with a critique of the ‘imperialism‐nationalism’ paradigm and its concomitant privileging of the period 1885–1947, which has dominated the writing of modern Indian history. It is argued here that the fixation with the ‘birth‐of‐the‐nation’ theme has led to the neglect of women's agency; that it has resulted in many inconsistencies, dilemmas and unresolved issues regarding a range of topics within Indian gender‐relations; and that this periodisation inhibits the reclamation of terms such as ‘feminist’ and ‘feminism’. The second half of the essay proposes that women's agency can be recovered via a new chronology and a new template for understanding agency within which scholars will be enabled to retrieve the conscious voices of Indian women and record change in gender relations.     

The Third Man; Or, Agency in History; Or, Rationality in Revolution

Theories of revolution invoke human agency to commit the violence that revolution entails, yet theorists of revolution often denounce the general theory of human agency called rational choice because (they say) it does not explain macrosocial facts like revolution and also leaves out culture. Actually, however, rational choice is the major premise of any cogent explanation of revolution, and it includes culture as a factual premise. Rational-choice theory applied to explaining revolution dates back to Thucydides, whose method of explanation is sound and whose theory of revolution is true. Thucydides explains the macrosocial fact of revolution by way of models whose elements are people doing what they hope will succeed, that is, acting on opinion alias culture. Theorists of revolution who make sense of it all rehearse Thucydides: they analyze the narrative history into strategic actions and reactions, explain these actions and reactions by rational choice, and document the explanation with direct and circumstantial evidence for hope of success, though they seldom own up on theory and method or preach what they practice.     

Identity,Gender, and the History of European Nations and Nationalisms

Abstract. The distinction between cultural and political nationalisms has become a commonplace in writings on nations and nationalism. In this article I analyse the relation of culture to politics in the history of modem European nationalist thought from a gender perspective. I argue that gendered forms of national identification and masculinist definitions of the body politic and the national citizen were mutually reinforcing. The article has three main sections. First, I draw on feminist historio–graphy to show that the central event of modem European nationalism, the French Revolution, involved a differentiation of masculine from feminine forms of national citizenship. Second, I use nineteenth-century sources to argue that the ‘separation of spheres’ and an image of the bourgeois family effectively diminished the role of women in relation to the nation. In the final section I show that the history of changing perceptions of the sexed human body is implicit in the imagining of national communities and in the political legitimation of national boundaries and national identities.     

The Protohistoric Time Period in Northwest Ohio: Perspectives from the XRF Analysis of Metallic Trade Materials

This paper presents the results of an experimental study into the usefulness of X-ray florescence (XRF) in identifying the composition of metal artifacts found at aboriginal sites in northwestern Ohio. In the late 1990s, we subjected 96 samples to XRF and documented our results. We then compared our data to that collected by more precise spectrographic methods to assess the effectiveness of the XRF method for this application. While not precise enough to source native coppers, we conclude that XRF is a cheap, nondestructive method for differentiating native copper from its European counterparts at sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Late Woodland sites.