晋西南龙山文化与有虞氏——虞舜部族起源的探索

中国历史的开端，按照司马迁的历史观，是以黄帝，帝顓顼，帝喾，帝尧，帝舜的五帝时代（《史记》篇首《五帝本纪》）为其肇始，是信史乎？还是古史传说，千百年来，古今史家对比议论颇多。     

《史记·五帝本纪》反映的政治一统与文化一统

<正>中华文明源远流长,是人类历史上唯一没有中断的古老文明。两千多年前,历史学家司马迁以“通古今之变”为鹄的,整齐百家之语,截断众流,将中国古史的肇始追溯至黄帝、帝颛顼、帝喾、尧、舜所代表的“五帝时代”。近年来实施的中华文明探源工程显示,五帝时代是中华文明的形成期,也是“多元一体”格局的奠定期。《五帝本纪》是司马迁对中国上古史的宏阔建构,     

中国首届黄帝文化学术研讨会综述

20 0 0年 1 0月 5日至 8日 ,由中国先秦史学会和浙江省缙云县人民政府联合举办的“中国首届黄帝文化学术研讨会”在浙江省缙云县仙都风景区召开。来自全国高校和科研院所的 30余位中国先秦史知名学者与会。中国人向以炎黄子孙自称 ,黄帝 ,作为传说英雄 ,在古文献中有许多记载。司马迁的《史记》始于《五帝本纪》 ,而《五帝本纪》以黄帝为首 ,其中还提到黄帝与炎帝的关系。在《史记》以前 ,《国语》、《左传》、《逸周书》、《大戴礼记》、《庄子》、《韩非子》、《山海经》等 ,都有关于黄帝的记载 ,东周时期的青铜器陈侯因敦铭文也有“高…     

关于黄帝与黄帝陵的若干问题

一、黄帝的年轮西汉时司马迁撰《史记》,本着信以传信、疑以传疑的态度,明言“神农以前吾不知已”(《史记·货殖列传》),故不记燧人、伏羲、神农三皇时代的事,而只从《大戴礼记》之《五帝德》和《帝系》篇中“择其言尤雅者”,与《春秋》、《国语》等先秦古籍相印证,托始于黄帝,作《五帝本纪》。然《五帝德》及《帝系》两篇又不记年数,遂使殷代以前的历史不知其详。周以来的记载虽然详细些,但孔子序《尚书》,却略无年月。司马迁通过检索古籍,虽称黄帝以降皆有年数,但又不敢遽以为是,故仅据《五帝系谍》和《尚书集世》两书所记作《三代世表》,对黄帝至周召共和(公元前841年)这一时期只载世系,仍无年数。众所     

《史记·五帝本纪》中黄帝形象的知识考古

司马迁在《史记·五帝本纪》中所塑造的黄帝形象,包括政治、经济和宗教三个主要方面。政治上,黄帝实现了"统一",并为巩固"统一"做出重要贡献;经济上,黄帝重视发展种植农业及家畜养殖业,在推动农业科技发展方面也取得重要成就;宗教上,黄帝具有突出的神巫特征,是集宗教神权与政治权力于一身的远古帝王。《史记·五帝本纪》中的黄帝,实是司马迁兼采先秦、秦汉不同时期的史实和思想家们的社会政治理想而塑造的形象,是中华文明早期发展阶段在不同方面所取得成就的集中体现。     

炎帝传说考述——兼论姜炎文化的源流

一人们常说汉族或中华民族均为“炎黄子孙”并自豪,这不仅仅是作为一个共同体的凝聚力和向心力的需要,同时也是作为一个文化发达的光辉灿烂的文明古国的象征性代表性远祖;他们既是远古的传说人物,同时也是人类所有共同体社会心态的普遍反映。从中国第一部通史《史记》开始,伟大的史学家司马迁在《五帝本纪》中较详的描写了黄帝的史迹,虽然他说:“百家言黄帝,其文不雅驯,荐绅先生难言之。”但他基本上肯定了作为华夏共同体远祖之一——黄帝,     

探寻中华五千年文明史

举世瞩目的夏商周断代工程已经结题了,断代工程给我们那些启示？今后我们还应该做些什么？现将我的想法谈出来,以求教于诸位专家学者。 断代工程的上限是夏的始年,即从禹之受禅为王开始。工程推出夏代始年为公元前２０７０年,即距今４０７０年,而夏代只是我国古代史中的一个朝代,在夏禹受禅为王以前还有舜、尧、帝喾、颛顼、黄帝、炎帝等,如何看待五帝、炎帝等,应该说是中国古代史研究中的一个非常重要的问题,中国是世界上四大文明古国之一,历史悠久,上下五千年,“断代”只到四千多年,还有近千年的文明史需要我们搞清,兹谈三…     

炎黄子孙朝圣地

五帝时期是中国文明初起的时代。“五帝”乃黄帝、颛项、帝喾、唐尧、虞舜。现在,中国人都称自己为炎黄子孙,就是因为传说华夏民族就是由五帝时候的炎、黄两部落融合而成的。当时炎部的首领炎帝,据说就是神农氏,和黄帝共同被尊奉为人文初祖。每年清明节以及炎帝忌日（阴历七月初七）,在湖南株洲炎陵县的炎帝陵都会举办规模宏大的祭祖活动。对炎帝陵的奉祀,自唐代就开始了,宋代建陵庙以后,祭拜的人更是络绎不绝。明清两代,每逢国家大事都要派遣特使到炎帝陵拜祭。州府县官每年春秋也要举行祭祀,十分隆重,平时逢年过节,前往一拜谒进香的人更是不计其数。     

说古代王权、革命与民主

司马迁的名著《史记》以黄帝、颛项、帝喾、尧、舜为五帝,作《五帝本纪》,而后有《夏本纪》、《殷本纪》、《周本纪》等,这标志着上古史和古代史的分期。夏商周史称三代,是我国古代最早建立的国家,其最高统治者被称为“王”。《礼记·大传》:“礼,不王不谛。王者禘其祖之所自出”,而且认为只要真正懂得禘礼,治天下“如运诸掌”,就很容易了。因此王     

黄帝诞生巴蜀考

据《史记·五帝本纪》记载：“黄帝居轩辕之丘,而娶於西陵之女,是为嫘祖。”轩辕之丘在何处,《史记》没有说明,因此众说纷纭,一直没有定论。根据若干历史资料、近十余年四川省社科院旗下嫘祖文化促进会的探讨和四川发掘的物证及作者现场考证,可以证明：黄帝诞生在四川。     

“古蜀文明保护传承暨纪念桂圆桥遗址发现十周年”学术研讨会综述

2019年11月4日至11月5日,由四川省文物考古研究院、什邡市博物馆等单位联合举办的"古蜀文明保护传承暨纪念桂圆桥遗址发现十周年"学术研讨会在四川什邡市召开。近百位专家学者齐聚一堂,以纪念桂圆桥遗址发现十周年为主题,并就古蜀文明的保护传承展开全方位深入讨论,议题涉及桂圆桥遗址及相关古蜀文明遗址的发现、发掘与重要意义、古蜀文明与周边区域的文化交流、聚落考古工作与研究以及科技考古研究等几个方面,成果丰硕。为开展桂圆桥遗址今后的考古工作、研究、保护以及实施"古蜀文明保护传承工程"提供了诸多有益思路和中肯建议。     

考古学与中国古代体育史研究

本文根据考古发现的有关资料,对近几十年来中国古代体育史研究的几个方面进行了针对性地分析。研究的内容主要包括对体育起源新线索的分析、球类资料的发现与古代的球类运动、兵械拳术的演变与古代武术的发展以及养生技术的进步与养生体育体系的形成等。从一系列史前时期的考古发现所反映出的原始竞技、舞蹈的产生与发展,表明人们的身体练习已经成为包括体育在内的具有多种意义的重要社会活动。而随着历史的发展,以蹴鞠（足球）、马球、捶丸（高尔夫）、武术以及保健养生等为代表的体育活动形式．逐渐成为了中国古代体育活动的重要内容,并在人类体育发展史上产生了重要影响。本文认为。利用考古学的方法。以考古发掘或传世之遗物或遗迹中的体育文物为母体．对古代体育史进行实证性的分析、探讨．以揭示古代体育各类运动形式之发展演化的规律,将是我们体育史学工作者和历史及考古工作者今后努力的方向。     

Comparing the survival of osteocalcin and mtDNA in archaeological bone from four European sites

The small mineral-binding bone protein, osteocalcin, has been applied in a number of studies on ancient bone due to predictions of its long-term stability. However, the intact protein has not been shown to survive in ancient bone devoid of DNA, which is a much more phylogenetically informative biomolecule. In this investigation, the survival of osteocalcin is directly compared to the amplification of mtDNA in a set of 34 archaeological samples from four sites throughout Europe. We also present unpublished osteocalcin sequences of seven mammalian species in addition to the 19 published sequences to highlight phylogenetic limitations of this protein. The results indicate that the intact osteocalcin molecule survives less in archaeological samples than mtDNA and is more subject to the temperature of the archaeological site. Amino acid analyses show the persistence of the dominant protein collagen in samples that failed both osteocalcin and mtDNA analyses. The implications these findings present for biomolecular species identification in archaeological and palaeontological material are that, although proteins do survive beyond ancient DNA, osteocalcin does not appear to be the most ideal target.     

考古发掘现场智能预探测系统的统计与应用

鉴于考古工作中发掘现场情况的不确定性,为改进我国古墓葬遗址等发掘现场的传统探测方法,探讨利用自动化技术,设计开发一套考古发掘现场智能预探测系统,在无考古人员进入墓葬发掘现场的情况下实现预探测功能。该系统主要面向古墓葬遗址的发掘考古需求,由远程监控端、机器人及传输线缆组成。采取分体模块化设计小尺寸机器人,使其可简便拆装成直筒式或车体式两种外形,以适用小直径手工探洞或大直径盗洞两种不同形式的发掘入口。机器人本体集成视频采集及气体传感等环境检测功能模块．实时采集数据并通过传输线缆发送至远程监控端。远程监控端提供窗口化的监控界面软件,该软件在Micro Visual Studio 2005开发平台下完成,在显示并记录采集所得图像和数据的同时,可对机器人的部分模块进行控制。该考古发掘现场智能预探测系统设计制造后在陕西省三个古墓葬遗址进行了实地测试。研究结果显示,数据采集准确及时、视频图像清晰可靠、整体系统运行稳定、可操作性强,基本满足了考古发掘现场的实际需要,推进了考古发掘工作的科技化进程。     

DNA analysis of archaeological sheep remains from China

Recent research has thrown considerable light on the history of the domestic sheep, but has not extended to ancient sheep specimens. In the present study, ancient DNA analysis was carried out on eight archaeological sheep remains recovered from Erlitou archaeological site in Henan Province (ca. 2100–1800 B.C.) to explore the genetic structure of ancient sheep and the phylogenetic relationship between ancient and modern sheep. We analyzed the control region sequences and coding regions of mitochondrial DNA from the remains by direct sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, respectively. Our results reveal that all ancient sheep belong to lineage A defined by modern sheep sequences. Phylogenetic analysis shows that neither argali (Ovis ammon) nor urial (Ovis vignei) mtDNA is closely related to Erlitou ancient sheep. In addition, our results suggest that ancient DNA analysis can serve as a powerful tool in tracing prehistoric population movement.     

The Consumptive Ruins Archaeology of Consuming Past in the Middle East

After the collapse of Ottoman Empire and division of old Iran, the new geography of Middle East needed new identities. The ancient mythical past could not respond the new idea of identity anymore; because of that, the archaeological past replaced the mythical ones. All over the Middle East, the heaven of archaeologists, was excavated; ancient ruins were recovered and redefined. In such a context, the archaeological evidences remained in the hands of Middle Easterner governments. During mid-1960–1970s, Pan Arabism and Pan Aryanism both raised in the region. In both Iran and Syria, the governments celebrated ancient empires. Such festivals have been known responsible for further fundamental thoughts relevant to archaeological past. The world witnessed the demolish of Palmyra ancient ruins by ISIS. Such an action is the other site of propagandist abuse of ancient ruins by governments. Both consume the past, and both try to redefine it: one in form of demolishing and the other in form of propaganda. In this article, the authors endorsed on various forms of consuming the past in the Middle East by opposition groups and by governments.     

河南考古六十年 保护科研结硕果

河南省文物考古研究所成立于1952年。60年以来,本所配合国家、省、市建设项目,相继开展了大量文物普查和考古发掘工作,并为解决学术课题进行了一系列主动发掘项目,取得了许多重要考古发现及重大学术突破。在旧石器时代向新石器时代过渡研究、裴李岗文化研究、仰韶文化研究、中国古代文明起源研究、夏商文化研究、古代冶金研究、古代陶瓷研究等诸多重要考古研究课题中取得突出成就,文物保护、科技考古等工作也得到了长足发展。科研合作硕果累累,编著出版大型考古报告专集、图录与论文集、学术专著180余部,在专业刊物上累计发表考古发掘报告、简报、简讯、研究论文和其他文章2500余篇,取得了丰硕的科研成果。     

Countermapping the Past: Reenvisioning Ancient Maya Spaces at Say Kah,Belize

This paper explores possibilities for recognizing and analytically using culturally-specific understandings of artefacts and spaces at an ancient Maya archaeological site. In the case study that we present, we use Classic Maya material categories – derived from hieroglyphic texts – to re-envision our representations of artefactual distributions and accompanying interpretations. We take inspiration from countermapping as an approach that recognizes the positionality of spatial representations and makes space for multiple/alternative spatial perspectives. We present spatial analyses based on our work at the Classic Maya archaeological site of Say Kah, Belize, juxtaposing modern modes of visualizing the results of multiple seasons of excavations with visualizations that instead draw upon reconstructed elements of ancient inhabitants’ perspectives on the site, its spaces, and usages (based on information drawn from Classic Maya textual ‘property qualifiers’). We argue that even incomplete information, such as that available for archaeological contexts, allows us to reimagine past spatial perspectives and experiences. Furthermore, doing so represents a move towards inclusion that changes our understanding of sites in terms of ancient experience and usage. The outcome is a shifted perspective on the spaces of the site that decentres the modern, archaeological vision, accompanied by a more reflexive awareness of the processes we use to construct our interpretations. We end with larger reflections useful for archaeologists curious about translating these ideas to other cultural settings.     

Wild or domesticated? An ancient DNA approach to canid species identification in South Africa's Western Cape Province

The fragmentary remains typical of archaeological fauna can prove impossible to identify when confronted with closely related sympatric species. In southern Africa domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris) and black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) pose just such a problem, rendering difficult an accurate assessment of the timing of arrival of domesticated dogs in the region. Contextual evidence has suggested that canid remains from four Later Stone Age archaeological sites were likely to be domesticated dogs rather than jackals, and were subjected to ancient DNA analyses to determine species. Every tested specimen proved to derive from black-backed jackals. These data provide not only an unexpected window on southern African prehistory, but also highlight the value in applying ancient DNA techniques to archaeological species identification.