刘邦歌诗

一、击筑慷慨歌《大风》,泣血深情悲《鸿鹄》清代学者赵翼在《二十二史割记》中批评司马迁写《史记》不大重视文献记载,对“经术之文、干济之策,多不收入”。较之班固《汉书》,这的确是《史记》一个缺憾。但司马迁自有收文标准,对于自认为特别美好特别关键的文献,记载得就特别详细。比如刘邦的两次唱歌,既录其歌词,又记其背景,细节生动．氛围感人,千载之后读之,犹闻其声,可见其在司马迁心中的分量。     

“瞽史”的连及用法

训释词语当兼顾修辞特点。字面上同为“瞽史”,在“瞽史教诲”中是字字表实义的联合词组,而在“瞽史之纪”诸句中则虚实并存,属于连类而及的修辞方法。如果忽略这两种不同的语义关系,就难免曲解原义,导致释义和语境的矛盾。由于上古的乐官和史官经常协同参与各种社会活动,具有分工合作的密切关系,加之典籍中“瞽”与“史”往往称对举,《国语》的作者便欲言“史”而连及“瞽”,贾谊、班固诸贤也本说“瞽”却连及“史”。     

班固对于历史地理学的创建性贡献

<正> 班固是名彪千古的史家,媲美司马迁。范晔撰《后汉书》,称道司马迁,说是“文直而事核”,称道班固,则是“文瞻而事详”。可谓是相伯仲了。范晔还说:“若固之序事,不激诡,不抑抗,瞻而不秽,详而有体,使读之者亹亹而不厌,信哉其能成名也”。这样的称道备至,也只有像班固这样的史学家才足以当之。     

班固生年献疑

《汉书》的作者班固的生年,各书均作公元32年(汉光武帝建武八年)。其依据是《后汉书·班彪列传附班固传》云:“及窦氏宾客皆逮考,(种)竞因此捕系固,遂死狱中,时年六十一。”同书《窦宪列传》又说,窦宪死于永平四年(公元92年)。从此上推六十年,为公元32年,此即班固生年。上说似根据颇足,但细检史籍,却发现还有问题。第一,班固在《汉书·叙传》中称:“有子曰固,弱冠而弧”。颜师古注“弱冠”是“谓年二十也。”班固之父班彪死于建武三十年(公元54年),照此则班固应生于建武十年(公元34年)。第二,范晔《后汉书》班固本     

《吕氏春秋》论治理民间文化

公元前250年,庄襄王继位,任吕不韦为相国。庄襄王死,公元前246年,秦始皇继位,吕不韦仍留任相国。秦始皇年幼,大权操在吕不韦手中,他把幕客写的“天地万物古今之事,”汇编成《吕氏春秋》一书。班固撰的《汉书》,对该书评价为“兼儒墨,合名法。”汇集先秦各派学说,为秦统一天下,提供谋略。     

论《顾烜钱谱》对中匡钱币学的贡献

中国从司马迁作《史记》而下,史书中往往专门列有“平准书”或“食货志”,其中大都论及当时的货币,但这些都是从货币史、币制史的角度来写的,既不研究各种钱币之选材、重量、形态、制造、纹饰、文字,也不研究货币如何能耐用、怎样可防伪,因此这些并非是钱币学专著。魏晋南北朝时期,政权分立、更迭。大大小小政权大多推出体现自己政权的钱币,在社会上当时新莽所遗的各种钱币,甚至更早的先秦钱币     

史志人物传笔法探讨——“实录”与“塑造”的史传借鉴

班固在《汉书&;#183;司马迁传》中写道：“自刘向、扬雄搏极群书,皆称迁有良史之材,服其善叙事理．辩而不华,质而不俚,其文直,其事核,不虚美不隐恶,故谓之实录。”两千多年来,凡是称赞《史记》的人,大概都会使用“实录”这个考语。但是,“实录”是否就是机械地记录传主的一生,而忽视人物个性和内在本质的开掘,写成或“年表”式或“鉴定”式．或“诔词”式的传文呢?     

烟雨朦胧 峥嵘若现——曹雪芹身世与族属探索

“红学”研究二百多年来,很少有人从民族文学角度研究《红楼梦》,很少有人旗帜鲜明地说《红楼梦》是满族文学的不朽名著。 关于《红楼梦》的题材,“红学”界的认识大体可分二类。 一类,不承认《红楼梦》写的是清代中期的社会,认为只是写个别人的闲帐。于是就产生“明珠”说、“纳兰”说、“顺治”说、“傅恒”说、“张勇”说、“和珅”说,总之是写一家之事。这一类之中有另一极端,认为《红楼梦》就是写雍乾时期的政局史,全书主干是“排满思汉”的民族思想。于是用猜谜的方法,猜测那些所谓影射,抨击《红楼梦》中的人和事,《红楼梦》中的人和事是实有所指,更有站在排满的立场     

从一柄齐燕铭草书扇说起

尊闻受虚之室是现代著名社会活动家、书法篆刻家齐燕铭先生的书斋号。“尊闻”二字源于《汉书·董仲舒传》,“曾子曰:‘尊其所闻,则高明矣;行其所知,则光大矣。”意思是要重视所闻之言,力行所知之事。“受虚”一语出自《周易》“君子以虚受人”。“受”在这里是容纳的意思,指君子要谦逊、包容,意近“大腹能容,容天下难容之事”。由此可见主人的自我期许与襟怀。     

论通史

在中国 ,“通史”是一个常用且易解的词。中国学者写的关于中国史、世界史的书常题名为“中国通史”、“世界通史”。而英国人写关于世界史或英国史的书就叫“世界史”或“英国史” ,其中并无一个“通”字。西方语言里有好几个看来与“通史”相近的词 ,但其真实含义并非“通史”。西方的普世史传统来自古希腊 ,据柯林武德分析 ,这种传统与“实质主义”思想有关。中国的通史传统来自先秦诸子的富有历史倾向的思想 ,这种思想恰好是反实质主义的。中国的“通史”精神就在于通古今之变     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.