努力构建文化遗产保护体系

构建文化遗产保护体系,是以建设社会主义文化强国和文化遗产保护强国为目标、基于文化遗产事业需要和文化遗产保护实践而提出的。文化遗产保护体系主要包括理论、法律、管理、安全、博物馆、公共服务、人才队伍、科技创新、社会参与、传播等十个层面。构建文化遗产保护体系,要以改革创新为动力,把保护文化遗产使命与发展文化遗产事业有机结合起来,开创文化遗产事业新局面。     

湖北世界文化遗产的保护与管理

湖北现有3处世界文化遗产,3项《中国世界文化遗产预备名单》项目以及1项中遗筹备项目。"十二五"以来,为促进世界文化遗产的有效与合理适度利用,发挥遗产的文化与社会价值,实现世界遗产保护的可持续发展,湖北省在推进世界文化遗产保护法制建设、开展文化遗产保护规划编制、完善遗产监测体系、进行保护与管理机制建设、实施文物保护工程、采用科技手段与多学科交流、开展世界文化遗产的突出普遍价值研究等方面做了很多努力,逐步建立起以法制建设、保护规划、管理机制、保养维修、学术研究为保障的文化遗产保护传承体系。     

无边绿翠凭羊牧,一马飞歌醉碧宵——评《内蒙古历史文化遗产的保护与利用研究》

由郝建平教授等撰著的《内蒙古历史文化遗产的保护与利用研究》一书,是目前研究内蒙古历史文化遗产的保护与利用方面的力作。该书第一次建构了内蒙古历史文化遗产的保护与利用的体系,并能密切结合当前社会经济、文化发展的实际加以论述,具有较高学术价值和社会参考价值。     

军事文化遗产的价值阐释

军事文化遗产作为文化遗产的一部分,与其他类型的文化遗产具有共性的价值特征,包括社会价值、经济价值、历史价值等。军事文化遗产应当遵循文化遗产的价值阐释规律,在文化遗产价值阐释的框架下进行价值阐释。通过媒介表达军事文化遗产的价值信息,在理解的基础上进行解释,最终将其价值内涵展现给社会大众是军事文化遗产价值阐释的可靠路径。     

清代台湾方志中的文化遗产纂录及其价值

清代方志中对台湾地区文化遗产多有记述,主要分为自然文化遗产、物质文化遗产及非物质文化遗产3类。自然文化遗产展现台湾地区独特的地物风貌,物质文化遗产是台湾历史信息的情境再现,而非物质文化遗产则是台湾历史社会风貌的集中展现。通过对涉台方志中"古迹""风俗"等部分中有关当地文化遗产记载的归类分析,在纵向上把握台湾文化遗产由远及近的发展脉络,在横向上对台湾不同地区文化进行比对和释因,并从方志学视角对清代台湾文物保护与文化传承脉络进行梳理,借此思考当前两岸涉台文物的共同保护与治理问题,为两岸历史文化研究提供一定的借鉴与帮助。     

国际文化遗产保护理念的发展与启示

虽然以中国、日本、越南为代表的亚洲地区的文化遗产的特殊性受到国际社会的重视,但是作为主导世界文化遗产保护运动主流的欧洲经验与理念,仍然具有普遍意义。本文以研究一系列文化遗产国际准则诞生的社会背景为内容,在追寻国际文化遗产保护理念发展历程的时候,努力探索与之密切相关的社会原因,如经济的、战争的因素等等。每一次大的社会巨变,都有可能对极其脆弱的文化遗产造成这样或者那样的影响,但是随之而来的便是人们对遭受损害的文化遗产的倍加爱护,有时甚至是抢救性的行动;对文化遗产保护的理念就是在一次次的应对社会巨变中发展、丰富的。这对于处在社会巨变中的中国来说,建立起既遵循国际准则精神又具有自己特色的文化遗产理念体系具有重要的借鉴意义。     

文化遗产与文化遗产学学科建设

中国有五千年不曾间断的文明,文化遗产资源丰富、生生不息。历史上,中国传统艺术体系包括宫廷文人艺术与民族民间艺术;近现代受西方文化遗产保护观念和学科发展的影响,学术研究的自觉被激发;21世纪以来,快速城镇化引发文化遗产保护与发展的学术思考,学科建设提上日程。我们应立足国际视野,在中国特色哲学社会科学体系框架下,建设文化遗产学的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系,推动文化遗产事业的可持续发展。     

中国国家线性文化遗产网络构建

全球化与快速城市化背景下,中华大地上的文化遗产受到了前所未有的威胁与破坏,特别是在国家历史上对维护国家政治稳定、经济发展、社会进步与文化交流发挥过重要作用的线性文化遗产亟待引起重视并得到系统保护。本文着重探讨了国家线性文化遗产网络的构建途径。通过将文献研究与专家问卷德尔斐法相结合,判别出了由19个线性文化遗产约250,000km线性要素所构成的国家线性文化遗产网络。以期在国土尺度上建立一个集生态与文化保护、休闲游憩、审美启智与教育等多功能为一体的线性文化遗产网络,在中华大地上形成一个彰显民族身份、延续历史文脉、保障人地关系和谐的文化"安全格局"。     

文化遗产和旅游的可持续发展

旅游业给遗产保护与遗产地管理带来了机遇与挑战。旅游业对维护文化和自然遗产价值,对社会、当地群众及非物质文化遗产均有影响,也给当地遗产设施发展与保护带来机遇。联合国教科文组织始终致力于文化与自然遗产的保护与弘扬工作,开创有前瞻性的旅游业,承认文化多样性原则,强调旅游业在促进遗产保护等方面的有效作用。其创意城市网络主推的"善行旅游",严格遵循原真性与完整性的原则,通过对世界文化遗产、纪念碑、历史建筑、国家公园、博物馆等各类景区定期评估,提升公众关于新旅游产品及旅客稀少遗址的意识,提升参观者体验感受等多种行动,改善人群福利,保护自然和文化遗产,促进经济和社会发展,从而有利于文化遗产保护与旅游业可持续发展。     

非物质文化遗产保护的特点分析——以山西非物质文化遗产为例

本文以物质文化遗产的保护为参照,对非物质文化遗产不同于物质文化遗产的存在形态和保护对象进行分析,从而得出在非物质文化遗产保护过程中的三个重要的特点:传承与创新的结合;民间文化技艺与现实生活的结合;传统文化的历史价值高于经济价值。     

三普新视角关注被过去忽视的文化遗产类别

三普成果中出现了一大批和人们的印象中与遥远,古老无关的文物类型,从古物到文物,再到文化遗产,概念的变化反映着人们对文化遗产认识的深化和发展。工业遗产、乡土建筑,20世纪遗产、文化线路、文化景观等概念不断被提出,在普查过程中,这些新的理念得到了充分重视,各地也积极开展新类型文化遗产的专题调查,北京、天津、河北、黑龙江、吉林、山东、江西、湖北等省(市)组织了工业遗产专题调查:湖南、云南、贵州、四川、西藏、青海、甘肃、宁夏等省(区)开展了文化线路遗产调查。     

Kosovo: Cultural Heritage in Conflict

Abstract

The secession of territory represents a unique challenge in the protection of cultural heritage in conflict. The declared independence of Kosovo has considerable implications for international cultural heritage. This paper focuses on the deliberate destruction of examples of historic architecture such as De?ani Monastery and Hadum Mosque as a means of contextualizing the nature of heritage in conflict with respect to international cultural heritage law. It offers a preliminary examination of aspects of cultural heritage in conflict, particularly in regard to the secession of territory and how it applies to historic monuments. The aim of this paper is two-fold: to address the considerations of immovable cultural property within the borders of Kosovo; and to utilize the examples of Visoki De?ani Monastery and Hadum Mosque to highlight the significance of cultural property in conflict.     

物质文化遗产的非物质性与非物质文化遗产的物质性认同

文化遗产是人类创造的文明结晶,物质文化遗产包含着精神内涵,非物质文化遗产必然依托于物质载体。文化遗产兼具物质性和非物质性两种因素:物质文化遗产与非物质文化遗产相互依存、互相作用。认清两种文化遗产之间的区别和联系,对于文化遗产的保护具有理论指导作用。     

Cultural Tourism: Marketing Challenges and Opportunities for German Cultural Heritage

Because of the generally precarious state of public finance in Germany, at federal, state and community levels, expenditure for cultural purposes is being reduced constantly. Therefore, cultural institutions such as heritage sites are virtually compelled to find additional sources of funding to improve their financial situation and ensure their long‐term survival. One of the more suitable means of increasing the revenue situation on an ongoing basis is to improve and expand the cultural tourism offerings. Despite this significance of cultural tourism, an empirical study established that German heritage sites have by no means exploited the real potential of cultural tourism in a comprehensive manner. Thus, the objective of this paper is, on the basis of a well‐founded delineation of the concept and demand‐side situation, to demonstrate the potential success factors for developing cultural tourism and to do so from a marketing perspective.     

The Knowledge-Centred Approach to the Somali Cultural Emergency and Heritage Development Assistance in Somaliland

Somalia has suffered a civil war since early 1991. Systematic looting, destruction and illicit excavation of sites continue without the international community (including academics, government organisations, heritage workers and humanitarian aid organisations) acknowledging this problem, let alone addressing it. The pre-war approaches to Somali cultural heritage lacked awareness-raising initiatives and basic dialogue with local communities, and hence remained uninformed about local views and methodologies regarding heritage. This has resulted in a lack of interest in building a local foundation and infrastructure for heritage management and archaeological research in the country. Today, it is clear that no measures were taken to protect cultural heritage during two decades of armed conflict in Somalia. Recently, archaeological material has become the target of ideologically motivated destruction. However, in post-conflict Somaliland, a self-declared, de facto country where there is peace and stability, possibilities for protection and management of cultural heritage exist. In order to carry out such work, an understanding of local practices is necessary. Hence, this paper presents unique research into local heritage management strategies and unveils indigenous heritage management methods, which the author refers to as the knowledge-centred approach. This approach emphasises knowledge and skill rather than objects, helping cultures such as the Somali, with strong oral transmission of knowledge, preserve their cultural heritage even in times of armed conflict. Also, this paper presents a critical assessment of the Somali cultural emergency as a whole and suggests ways of assisting different stakeholders in the protection of Somali heritage in the conflict and post-conflict eras.     

2007 Cultural Heritage Legal Summary

Abstract

During the past year there has been continuing progress in the ratification and implementation of the two most important international conventions that deal with tangible cultural heritage. This progress is, to some extent, surprising as it involves some of the more significant market countries, such as Germany and Switzerland. At the same time, Italy's efforts to recover its stolen cultural objects continued to meet with success as the Getty and Princeton museums agreed to return significant numbers of antiquities from their collections. Finally, two cases decided in British courts have recently taken center stage in the ongoing efforts of nations to protect their archaeological heritage through the legal system.     

文化遗产 文化自觉 文化建设——追寻中国文化遗产事业的发展历程

文物古迹是过去文化的载体,文化既是不同人们共同体在特定时空中适应环境与社会的结晶,也是人类曾经的生存可能性的记录,因此,文化遗产是发展的智慧资源而非包袱。改革开放以来我们对文物与文化遗产及其价值的认识有一个不断拓展和提高的过程,经历了由古玩、文物到全民性的文化遗产自觉的演变。正确认识和处理不同文化及历史文化遗产,既是作为文明古国的中国发展过程中无法避开的选择,也是全球化、信息化时代古今中外文化大会面时代人类和谐共处、共同繁荣的前提性要求。     

Information Retrieval in Cultural Heritage

Abstract

This article discusses the opportunities and challenges of applying modern information retrieval techniques to the cultural heritage domain. Although the field of information retrieval is closely associated with computer science, it originally emerged from library science — also one of the main disciplines concerned with access to cultural heritage material. Hence we are, in a sense, exploring what happens if we bring these strands of research back together again. The article consists of three parts. In the first part, we explain the field of information retrieval and its multidisciplinary nature. In the second part, we discuss how and why the problem of providing access to cultural heritage can be cast naturally as an information retrieval problem. In the third and main part, we present a detailed case study of applying the modern information retrieval approach in practice within a museum.     

Protection Versus Public Access: Two Concepts Compared within the Italian Underwater Cultural Heritage Management System

The concepts of protection and public access relating to underwater cultural heritage are often taken as two contrasting notions in the Italian underwater cultural heritage management panorama. This contribution aims to review these concepts with the objective of emphasizing the possibility of sound and scientifically compelling public access to the underwater cultural heritage, keeping protection principles intact. With the support of in-the-field examples successfully produced worldwide, this paper will attempt to underline how scientifically sound public access activities in the field of underwater cultural heritage management can benefit the protection of such heritage.