淮河中游地区新石器时代气候与环境

淮河中游地区新石器时代考古学文化序列已渐趋完善,重建该地区新石器时代气候与环境的演变历史,是深入理解人类文化发展过程和人地关系的重要前提。借助多年来实地考察、环境考古研究的成果,结合现有的地质学、考古学以及历史文献等方面相关资料,研究表明淮河中游地区新石器时代的气候环境经历了温凉偏湿、温暖湿润、更加温暖湿润以及逐渐趋于温和偏干、直至洪涝频发的演变过程,且与顺山集文化、双墩文化、大汶口文化以及龙山时代文化的兴衰密切相关。本研究为理解淮河中游地区史前社会变迁与人地关系提供重要科学信息。     

白洋淀地区史前环境考古初步研究

作为典型的冲积低平原与浅湖沼地貌形态的白洋淀地区,是研究全新世环境变迁及古环境与古文化相互关系的重要地域。全新世气候的变化,不仅影响着白洋淀地区的自然环境,同时也影响着史前人类的生存模式。多年来该区域考古发现的资料证实,全新世气候暖湿与冷干的交替变化,直接影响到遗址分布的数量和所处的地貌位置,亦即影响到人类对居住点的选择,与此同时也影响着史前文化的经济生活类型。     

甘青地区全新世环境变迁与新石器文化兴衰

我国北方大部分地区,距今8000年前后的降温事件之后,才真正意味着人类的全新世气候适宜期的开始.距今5500年前后降温以及由此带来的干旱,使甘青地区这一时期人口与资源之间的矛盾的激化,甘青地区葫芦河流域仰韶文化中晚期出现的社会复杂性,可能是在资源紧张状态下的一种人类文化行为的生态调整.甘青地区距今4500年气候转变可能首先促进或刺激了齐家文化的发展.但随着气候转变的幅度增加,环境条件渐趋恶劣并超过了当时人类所能承受的极限,西北地区史前农业体系不可避免的发生彻底地解体和衰落.长期的干旱环境可能是导致齐家文化的衰落以及齐家文化之后较长时间农业文化的低潮的重要原因之一.     

江淮东部史前文化格局与相关问题探讨

江淮东部地区地处长江与淮河之间，东临黄海，海岱、环太湖两大强势文化区分列南北。以青莲岗文化、龙虬庄文化为代表的江淮东部史前文化在中国史前文化版图中占有重要的一席之地。在系统梳理历年考古发现与研究成果后，结合近年发掘与调查新材料，重提“青莲岗文化”的命名，重新阐释了江淮东部地区史前文化格局与文化发展序列，并对相关问题进行了初步探讨。     

河北及京津地区早中全新世文化的时空分布及其气候环境因素

本文根据考古学14C年代数据和考古遗存情况,结合高分辨率的地层和古气候研究资料,分析了河北及京津地区早中全新世文化的时空分布格局以及影响遗址分布的地貌和气候因素。该地区早中全新世文化时间序列为:早期新石器时代文化(10,000~8,800 yr BP)、新石器早中期之间的文化缺环(约8,800~7,300 yr BP)、7,300~6,500yr BP的磁山.兴隆洼.北福地一期三大文化系统并立发展时期以及6,500~6,000 yr BP的前仰韶文化时期。文化序列与气候序列对比发现:文化发展很大程度上受到气候条件的制约。从文化分布空间来看,具有如下特征:首先,早中全新世时期的文化分布在与当时海岸线平行的弧形地带上,这种分布格局与气候和地貌条件有关。在排除了地势高亢和海侵影响地区后,太行山东麓到古海岸线之间的弧形地带成为最佳选择。其次,从遗址分布高度来看,当时人仍居住在较高地貌面上,海侵及众多湖沼阻止了人类向东部平原腹地迈进的步伐。     

淮河中游地区的史前生业经济考察——安徽省侯家寨遗址出土动物骨骼研究

近几年,淮河中游地区考古发掘和研究工作的陆续开展,揭示出这一地区在中国史前文化发展和演进过程中的重要地位。生业经济作为史前社会发展的物质基础,为全面认识古代社会和文化的发展提供了重要材料和研究视角,成为现今考古研究的重要内容。通过对安徽定远县侯家寨遗址出土动物遗骸进行整理和分析,可以探讨该遗址先民对动物资源的开发和利用。同时,结合双墩等遗址的已有研究,可对淮河流域史前先民的生业经济活动等进行探讨。     

试论皖北地区新石器时代早期文化

试论皖北地区新石器时代早期文化冀和皖北地区主要指安徽淮河以北地区,本文并包括了江淮之间北部的淮河南岸地区。该区位于淮河中游地区,西与河南临界,西北与鲁西南相交,东北与苏北地区为临,地处苏、鲁、豫、皖四省临界处,“在中国东部地区原始文化交流中占有重要的...     

上海地区史前文化时期环境的演变及其对人类活动的影响

环境问题是个引人关注和复杂的问题,环境的变化对人类生产有相当大的影响,尤其在生产力低下的史前时期。上海地区由于四面临水的特殊地理位置,全新世以来发生过多次的环境变化,这种变化对史前人类活动,乃至上海史前文化的发展产生深刻的影响。其变化如何？影响又如何？本文主要依据考古材料,结合有关环境研究对它们分别论述。一、史前时期环境的演变上海史前经历三个文化时期：即马家浜文化、崧泽文化和良渚文化。由于迄今上海发现的最早文化层为马家浜文化晚期,故它们在时间上相应为6500～5800B．P,,5800～5100B．P,5100～4000…     

珠江三角洲史前海洋聚落宏观形态的变迁

<正>珠江三角洲位于我国南海北岸,岭南中南部区域,主要是由西江、北江、东江、潭江、流溪河等河流携带的泥沙在海湾内堆积而成,它形成于海陆交接的过渡地带,是对气候和海洋环境变化最敏感的区域。这种"衔接海陆"的地理环境决定了海洋对珠江三角洲史前文化和聚落形态具有重要影响,是我国史前海洋文化发育的重要分区之一1。通过考察在全新世不同时期的环境背景下,珠江三角洲史前海洋聚落的宏观分布形态,探讨海洋聚落的分布格局与海洋     

安徽寿县卫田遗址龙山文化遗存发掘简报

卫田遗址地处淮河中游南岸,是一处新石器时代至商周时期的聚落遗址。2018年10月至2019年1月,山东大学考古学系对该遗址进行发掘,发现了一批新石器时代、周代、汉代、宋代及明清等时期的遗存,其中以新石器时代末期遗存最为丰富,发现壕沟、房址、灰坑、灰沟等遗迹。该遗址丰富了淮河中游南岸龙山文化早期的聚落资料,对推动该地区史前文化发展和聚落形态等研究具有积极意义。     

Spatial and temporal variety of prehistoric human settlement and its influencing factors in the upper Yellow River valley,Qinghai Province,China

We report an investigation of forty-two prehistoric sites in the upper Yellow River valley located in Guide, Jianzha, Hualong, Xunha and Minhe, Qinghai Province, China, including forty-four new radiocarbon dates from twenty-four sites, review published archaeological surveys and radiocarbon dates, analyze landform features and discuss the reasons for spatial and temporal variety of regional prehistoric human settlement. Our results suggest that people occupied the upper Yellow River valley during the early Holocene, but a continuous archaeological record begins only after about 5500 Cal yr BP. Thereafter, the intensity of prehistoric human settlement in the area is varied. Neolithic human settlement spread northwestward to high altitude areas of the upper Yellow River valley during early-mid Majiayao and Qijia periods, but moved southeastward to lower locations in the area during late Majiayao period. During the Bronze period, two coeval archaeological cultures, the Kayue and Xindian, occupied the upper Yellow River Region. Kayue archaeological sites are numerous and widely distributed in the high areas of the upper Yellow River, while Xindian sites are restricted to the lowest basin of the region. Variation in site density and location are likely the result of changing paleoclimate and technology.     

CAROLINA BAYS: TIME CAPSULES OF CULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Abstract

We synthesize results of extensive archaeological surveys and geoarchaeological investigations of Carolina bays and other depressional wetlands on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site (SRS). The SRS is located along the Savannah River in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. These data are augmented with data from Carolina bays elsewhere within their middle to south Atlantic Coastal Plain range. Carolina bays are shallow, oriented upland ponds that formed during the late Pleistocene under climatic conditions very different from present. Their use by prehistoric populations was most intensive during the Paleoindian and Archaic periods. Subsequent use by Woodland and Mississippian populations tended to be ephemeral. Change through time in the prehistoric use of Carolina bays and other depressional wetlands is linked to regional-scale changes in climate, particularly to the hydrologic regime.     

历史时期四川凉山地区森林植被的变迁

本文根据全新世中期以来气候的周期性变化分全新世中期、西周至春秋、战国至西汉初年、汉唐时期、唐末至两宋、元明清六个时期对历史时期四川凉山地区森林植被的变迁情况进行了探讨,认为其总的演变趋势是逐渐萎缩,但其中亦有反复,过程极为缓慢;森林植被的演变是一个立体的动态过程;森林植被的演变有气候变化的原因,但无序的人为开发是造成历史时期凉山地区森林萎缩的最主要原因。     

上宅新石器文化遗址环境考古

上宅遗址所在的平谷盆地是中国环境考古策源地。上宅遗址的发现与发掘,一定程度上填补了北方草原文化与中原文化间的空白。以无彩陶,陶器不具绳纹和鸟首形镂空器等特殊器物为特征,构成一支具鲜明特点的沟河流域新石器时代中期早段文化,称之为上宅文化。上宅遗址依山傍水,聚居于河旁黄土台地,形成于全新世气候最适宜期。与邻区同期文化形成环境类似,其聚落形成环境具代表性。     

中国新石器时代文化演变动力分析

对多年来积累的气候资料的综合分析表明:在全新世期间有两个比较明显的温暖期。它们的时间分别为8～6kaBP(校正成日历年龄大约为9～7calkaBP)和5～3kaBP(日历年龄大约为5.5～3.2calkaBP)。文化的发展很大程度上受到了环境条件的制约。在前一个温暖期的后半段(8～7calkaBP),北方旱作农业(磁山文化、大地湾文化、兴隆洼文化)发展起来。南方稻作农业要在7.0～6.0calkaBP才初具规模。而6.0～5.5calkaBP的气候冷干事件使得南北方文化均有不同程度的衰退,但是南方受到的影响要小于北方。在后一个温暖期到来之后(5.5～3.2calkaBP),分别以龙山文化和良渚文化为代表的南北方新石器文化几乎同时进入发展史上的另一个黄金时代。尽管南北方文化体系对于气候变化的响应有所差异,并且不同时期不同地域文化发展动力也不尽相同,但是从大的时空尺度上来看,我国的新石器时代发展经历了如下阶段:最早期文化萌芽阶段(10calkaBP)——早中新石器时代之间的文化相对衰退期(10～8calkaBP)——新石器时代中期的北方农业文明崛起(8～7calkaBP)——7.0～6.0calkaBP的南方稻作农业的极大发展期——6.0～5.5calkaBP的文化衰退期——新石器时代晚期(5.5～4.0calkaBP)文化的极大繁荣。其间一些大的文化演替或者转型事件的时间在各地也大致相同。说明这种大的文化演进过程还是受到了同一个信号的支配,而只有环境气候因素才可能影响到如此大的范围。     

Human occupation of South Eastern Altai highlands (Russia) in the context of environmental changes

Multidisciplinary investigations including geomorphological and geoarchaeological approaches, litho-stratigraphic and pedogenetic analysis accompanied by radiocarbon dating show the contrasting human environmental changes within the highlands of the Russian Altai since the late Paleolithic. Radiocarbon ages of fossil soils formed at 1,475–1,730 m a.s.l. indicate draining of the ice-dammed lake in the Kurai basin before the beginning of the Holocene and disintegration of the Chuya lake into several shallow but quite spacious reservoirs by 8,223?±?181 cal. BP. Using archaeological sites as spatio-temporal markers allows reconstructions to be specified based on geological data. Archaeological site distribution in the Chuya valley between the Chuya and Kurai basins indicates that all cataclysmic flood events related to the Holocene hydrological changes occurred before the Scythian epoch. Due to the redeposition of most Paleolithic finds in the region, they should be carefully examined before they are utilized for any reconstructions. Using fossil and contemporary soils as an independent informative climatic proxy archive supports the conception of generally more humid and warmer climate conditions in the first half of the Holocene within the SE Altai and a more arid and cold climate in the second one. The repeated climate deteriorations that caused glacier expansion and the progressive aridity intensification in the region along with the sociopolitical reasons are the major factors that controlled the habitat of nomadic communities and cultures shifting within the SE Altai in the second half of the Holocene. Anthropogenic impact together with the progressive aridization led to the deforestation of the eastern part of the Chuya depression.     

中国史前城址的分布及功能分析

中国史前时代城址到目前为止已发现数十处之多 ,最早可上溯到仰韶文化晚期 ,大部分建造于与龙山文化相当的四五千年前 ;从分布的地域看 ,主要在黄河中下游、内蒙古和长江上中游地区。本文认为史前城址的功能有较大差异。这种差异与各地的自然条件、经济方式、文化水平等各方面的因素有着密切的关系 ,黄河中下游地区由于其独特的自然和地理条件 ,以及由此导致的较为先进的文明 ,使得这一地区的古城具备了相对完备的功能。中国古代文明最早在这一地区诞生 ,显然与此有密切关系     

Climate change and Zhou relocations in early Chinese history

In Chinese history, the development of the Zhou tribes and the dynasties that succeeded them between 3550 and 2200 BP in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is known as the period of ‘Five Relocations’. Most of these relocations appear to have been forced by the pressure of nomadic invasions and occupations from the northern steppe. Historians simply attributed these relocations to political and military causes. However, palaeoclimatic studies show that the Zhou tribes and their successor dynasties developed at the demise of the Holocene Climatic Optimum when regional climate became highly variable and unstable. An integrated analysis of environmental change over the Loess Plateau and the Mongolian steppe facilitates a credible understanding of the linkage between climatic events and these relocations. It indicates that the relocations caused an expansion or contraction of the settled regions over the drought-prone semi-arid lands. During climatic amelioration, dry farming societies pushed upward to the Loess Plateau where increased precipitation and soil moisture allowed cereals to be cultivated. When hit by droughts and the associated disasters, both the dry farming societies and the nomadic tribes had to move southward to find an environment suitable for their food production. Migration and relocation were, therefore, basic strategies to secure the resources necessary to sustain an agricultural economy. The settled frontier was pulled back as dry farming societies from the upland plateau retreated to the lowland riverbanks of the Guanzhong Basin. Even though there were political and military intentions, climatic events played an essential role in the relocations of the Zhou tribes and the successive dynasties.     

Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction at an oxbow lake situated at the lower Nottawasaga River,southern Ontario,Canada

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation at the lower Nottawasaga River in southern Ontario, Canada, was to reconstruct the impact of base level on fluvial stability and human occupation during the Holocene in a topographically confined section, where the river cuts through the Edenvale Moraine. Three cores were extracted from an oxbow lake (Doran Lake) and a ground-penetrating radar survey was executed in its vicinity to study wider subsurface alluvial architecture. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the Nottawasaga River became entrenched in the Edenvale Moraine early in the Holocene, with base-level lowering in the Lake Huron basin, and that Doran Lake formed towards the middle Holocene as a meander cutoff when water levels in the Lake Huron basin increased, leading to a period of fluvial instability, enhanced flow and floodplain aggradation. Fluctuating lake levels would have affected human settlement as well as the preservation and visibility of archaeological remains predominantly through vertical accretion.