二里头遗址出土兵器初探

二里头遗址的兵器种类不是很多,但质地有别.兵器以镞类为多,形成以骨镞、石斧为主的实用兵器系统.在此基础上,玉石兵器二元系统形成.同时,出现了以玉钺、玉戈、铜戈、铜斧钺为主的礼仪兵器.二里头遗址出士兵器的这两个特点在二里头三、四期达到鼎盛,这与二里头遗址作为王都的地位是紧密相关的.此外,二里头遗址兵器的使用从二里头文化一期到二里岗期是不同的,这与该遗址的聚落发展相适应.     

“二里头商都说”的再检视

2005年以来公布的二里头等遗址的测年数据,对现有的"二里头夏都说"与"郑亳说"构成了挑战。借此契机,有必要反思二里头遗址研究的得失。测年数据以及二里头文化晚期的考古学考察,对于二里头文化三、四期已经进入商代的观点是有利的。二里头遗址是探索夏文化的重要对象,但将其落实到夏都斟鄩尚有疑点。     

二里头遗址出土木炭碎块的研究

结合考古发掘,在二里头文化一、二期之交和四期采集一些炭化碎块,并对这些炭化碎块的结构在体式显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下进行鉴定、分析和拍照,得出这些炭化碎块分别属于7个树种,即槲栎、麻栎、麻栎属的一个种、侧柏、油松、朴树和另一种阔叶树。通过对地层中分散的木炭分析,初步认为二里头遗址周围分布有大量的阔叶树栎林、杂木林和少量的松柏针叶林;当时的气候是温暖湿润的,但具体到不同的文化时期可能也存在着温湿度差异,二里头文化四期与一、二期之交气候相比较,前期的生态气候好于后期;通过对灰坑里的木炭分析,显示不论在二里头文化一、二期之交,还是在二里头文化四期,古人喜欢把栎木作为薪炭材。     

二里头遗址墓葬出土玉器探析

二里头文化的玉器制造业并不十分发达,表现在尚未形成规律性的用玉制度。玉器在二里头文化各期之中的使用情况差别很大。二里头一期仅见少量绿松石饰;二期为发展期,玉器数量和种类均有增加;三期的玉器数量和种类都达到高峰,这一现象与三期二里头遗址夏代王都文化繁荣的景象是密不可分的;四期的玉器出现明显衰落的趋势,数量和种类大大减少,体现了夏商政权交替对手工业生产所带来的影响。     

二里头文化研究的新视角——从青铜器的铅同位素比值看二里头四期的文化性质

对于二里头文化的性质问题,学术界已进行了数十年的讨论,然而直到目前,共识却仍未能达成。本文首次从青铜器铅同位素比值分析入手,对二里头文化的性质问题予以探讨。经过对偃师二里头、郑州二里岗、黄陂盘龙城、安阳殷墟等遗址出土青铜器的铅同位素比值数据的分析与讨论,我们支持二里头文化一至三期属夏文化、第四期遗存则已进入了商代纪年的观点。     

二里头遗址铸铜技术研究

目次一二里头遗址出土青铜器的技术特征及铸造工艺二二里头遗址出土陶范考察三二里头遗址出土浇勺考察四二里头遗址铸铜技术初论二里头遗址是先秦时期的重要文化遗存。在二里头遗址中发现了迄今为止中国最早的铸铜作坊遗址(图一)。铸铜遗物在第三、四、五区都有发现,铸铜作坊遗址主要位于四区,总面积在10000平方米以上,已清理出二至四期的铸造工场遗址,其周围遗留不少陶范、坩埚、炉壁、铜渣、木炭,及一些小件铜器、少量大件铜器〔1〕。青铜器是二里头遗址出土的主要遗物之一,有礼器、工具、兵器     

学术诚信是立论之本——三正方酉生教授谪难

方酉生教授《偃师二里头遗址第一期文化比新砦期二里头文化为晚》一文,指谪拙文《二里头文化一期遗存与夏文化初始》时因出示论据有误、编排夏年随意而致其立论失信。     

二里头文化陶字符量化分析

二里头文化陶字符多见于伊洛河流域,以具有首都地位的二里头遗址数量最多.二里头文化陶字符主要限于本遗址内使用,为生产、生活、祭祀活动的记录.除一部分继承当地河南龙山文化陶刻符造型之外,多有所创新.对于先商文化南关外型影响明显.二里头文化早、晚期陶字符在字形、字频、载体等方面存在的分界现象支持学界的分期认识.     

偃师二里头遗址考古新发现的意义

二里头遗址新发现四期宫殿基址等重要遗存进一步证明,该遗址作为夏都延用到四期,与夏王朝共始终。而一期可能为夏都的开创期,到早商二里岗下层晚段,夏都沦为废墟。夏商分界当在二里头四期即二里岗下层H9与H17年代之间。偃师商城小城建于H9之时,并非早商而是夏末,对其性质应重新考虑。     

新砦期的确认及其意义

对新砦遗址的重新发掘,发现王湾三期文化、新砦期遗存和二里头文化早期遗存的三叠层,确认了新砦期的存在,再次证明二里头文化是在当地龙山文化基础上产生的。新砦期即使不是最早的夏文化,也是探索早期夏文化的新支点。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.