成吉思汗去世地点与祭祀

《元史》载成吉思汗1227年攻打西夏,七月壬午病重,己丑逝於萨里川哈老徒行宫。萨里川哈老徒行宫在漠北,他不可能在八天之内从西夏赶到漠北。较为符合逻辑的观点是,行宫可以随着守斡耳朵的皇后迁徙至西夏,所以成吉思汗去世地点仍是西夏境内。元代漠北的成吉思汗祭祀在他的四大斡耳朵举行,由此出现了“斡耳朵思”一词,它是後世“鄂尔多斯”一词的来源。元之後的成吉思汗祭祀地点转移到了漠南的鄂尔多斯,其转移的原因,是因为蒙古人深信成吉思汗曾表示愿在鄂尔多斯安度晚年的传说故事。     

浅议元中都的兴建及对保护工作的建议

蒙元历史上,曾先后建造了四座都城：即建于窝阔台汗七年（１２３５年）的现蒙古国的哈刺和林城,忽必烈建于宪宗蒙哥汗六年（１２５６年）的现内蒙古正蓝旗的元上都,忽必烈建于至元四年（１２６７年）的现北京的新都元大都和元武宗建于大德十一年（１３０７年）的现张北...     

元上都东凉亭与河北滦平鸽子洞出土文书述略

忽必烈作为蒙古王子 ,从小就喜爱打猎 ,在他 1 1岁时 ,曾与 9岁的弟弟旭烈兀随祖父成吉思汗出猎 ,并且首次各射到一只兔子和一只野山羊。按照蒙古人的习俗 ,成吉思汗高兴地为孙儿们举行了隆重的仪式“牙黑刺迷失” ,将猎物的血涂在忽必烈和旭烈兀的拇指上 ,对他们很赞许。 (此事见《史集》第 1卷第二分册第 31 5页 )后来 ,忽必烈创立了元朝成为全体蒙古人的大汗。其弟旭烈兀创建了位于波斯地区的伊儿汗国。狩猎成为蒙古帝王和宗王们保持传统、演兵习武、加强彼此联系的重要方式。据《史集》所记 ,忽必烈在兴建开平府之前 ,就在金莲川以东 ,…     

热爱汉文化的元朝皇太子真金

元朝开国君主,世祖忽必烈皇帝共有十二子。①由于长子朵而只未婚早卒,习惯上史称真金（1243－1285）为长子。关于此人,史载多而零散,本文拟以汉文史料为主,蒙藏史料为辅,对其生平大略作一简述。1243年,真金生于漠北,此前忽必烈已于1242年召海云去漠北,问以怫法大意。②故真金出世后忽必烈请海云为之摩顶立名,取名真金。这在《佛祖历代通载》卷35有载：“帝诞生太子,诏海云国师,摩须立名,奏云：‘世间最尊贵,无越于真金’。”母昭睿顺圣皇后,弘吉刺氏。③真金诞生的时代,是蒙古汗国剧变和发展时期,其父忽必烈早在青年时代就…     

“可敦墓”考——兼论十一世纪初期契丹与中亚之交通

《突厥语大词典》记录的古地名Qatun Sn"可敦墓"位于哈密东,纬度与哈密相同,难以勘同为呼和浩特南郊的昭君墓。以《突厥语大词典》圆形地图给出的于都斤的地理方位——额尔齐斯河源头为参照物,探讨Qatun Sn"可敦墓"的地理位置,其前提偏离了正常的研究轨迹。将昭君墓视作可敦墓,存在名称上的龃龉与逻辑思维上的本末倒置。将《突厥语大词典》所述与唐古特族发生过战斗的Qatun Sn"可敦墓",视作漠北达靼地内的镇州可敦城不悖于理。虽然漠南地区存在连接契丹与西夏、喀喇汗朝的通路,但马卫集记录的由喀喇汗朝前往契丹的交通线,是从沙州经由漠北的于都斤与镇州可敦城后抵达契丹,反映的是11世纪初期的情况。     

乾隆解决新疆问题

一、西北威胁 从明朝以来,准噶尔汗国一直是中原帝国的威胁。 准噶尔蒙古是一支古老的蒙古部落,长期生活在新疆、青海一带,它和今天外蒙古、内蒙占的蒙古人分别叫做漠北、漠南、漠西蒙古,它还叫做“西蒙古”、“厄鲁特”、“卫拉特”、和“瓦刺”。明朝,其首领也先,曾经发动著名的“土木堡之变”,俘虏了明英宗。     

拖雷和唆鲁禾帖尼

在成吉思汗的诸子、诸媳中,拖雷(1193～1232年)和唆鲁禾帖尼(?～1252年)是两个值得给予注意的人物。他们是当时新兴的蒙古贵族阶级利益的聪明的代表者。为了初建的蒙古帝国的巩固和发展,两人都作出过一定的贡献。他们根据当时的主客观条件,创建了势力强大的拖雷家族系统。13世纪中叶,他们的后人凭借这个强大的实力,最终夺取了汗位,并且终于元代而不辍。拖雷系在蒙古贵族内部的争权斗争中取得的决定性的胜利,在一定意义上促进了对“汉法”的广泛采用和成吉思汗在中国事业的胜利发展。13世纪上半叶,蒙古贵族核心集团的一些重大活动及其内部矛盾的发展情况,在拖雷夫妇的经历中可以得到不少的反映。这里仅对这两个历史人物和有关拖雷系的问题作些简单的论述。     

喀喇汗王朝钱币专家波·德·阔奇涅夫及其学术研究

喀喇汗王朝是9-13世纪以回鹘人（今维吾尔族的祖先）为主在塔里木盆地西部和帕米尔高原以北地区建立的政权。公元840年漠北回鹘汗国崩溃后,西迁今帕米尔高原以西地区的“葱岭西回鹘”联合葛逻禄等部建立了喀喇汗王朝,初以巴拉沙衮（今吉尔吉斯共和国伊塞克湖以西）为都城。王朝鼎盛时,其疆域北到巴尔喀什湖,西抵阿姆河,东面包括伊犁河,南达喀什、和田。1040—1041年,喀喇汗王朝分裂为东、西两大部分,西部以撒玛尔罕为首都,东部以喀什噶尔（今新疆喀什市）为首都。1134年,耶律大石进军中亚,进驻巴拉沙衮,喀喇汗王朝东、西两部分均成为西辽的附庸。公元1211年,东部喀喇汗王朝汗王在内乱中被杀,国土为乃蛮王子屈出律所篡夺的西辽占据。公元1212年,西部政权为花拉子模所灭。喀喇汗王朝前后存在了长达372年。对喀喇汗王朝历史化的研究一直是中亚史、新疆史研究中的一个重要内容和课题．[第一段]     

17世纪蒙古编年史产生的历史背景

17世纪蒙古史学得到了前所未有的发展 ,产生了一批蒙古人自己创作的史学作品。佚名《黄金史纲》、罗桑丹津《黄金史》、佚名《黄史》 (或译《黄册》)、萨冈彻辰《蒙古源流》四部编年史就是这方面具有代表性的作品。这种现象的出现 ,与当时蒙古的政治背景分不开。自从 1 3 68年元惠宗妥帖睦尔失去对中原的统治而退回蒙古本土后 ,蒙古汗室卷入了与异系、异姓贵族争夺汗权的旷日持久的内乱。元廷北迁 ,加剧了成吉思汗的孛儿只斤“黄金家族”内部忽必烈系与非忽必烈系的异系之间固有的矛盾 ,忽必烈系后裔垄断汗位的格局被打破。阿里不哥后裔与…     

元朝帝王巡幸上都的原因

元朝帝王巡幸上都的原因东湖出于政治、军事、经济诸方面的考虑,历代帝王除首都之外,还要营建一些暗都。元朝同样也实行陪都制度。蒙古初起时的政治中心是在漠北的和林（今蒙古哈尔和林）,中统元年（１２６０年）元世祖忽必烈即位后,为了南下经略,将都城迁到了深水北...     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.