Planning the Cultural Quarter in Birmingham's Eastside

Cultural planning and the development of cultural quarters has become a new orthodoxy in the revitalization of inner city industrial districts, yet this orthodoxy is now widely questioned as to whether it delivers on its promises. In Birmingham UK, the aim to create a new cultural quarter in the industrial inner city area of Eastside represents a unique opportunity for the city to examine and learn from past lessons of the “cultural turn” in urban policy. The article examines these lessons and whether the Eastside scheme is set to repeat the mistakes of the past     

The Italian industrial districts and the crisis of the cooperative form: Part I

The theory of the industrial districts—spatial clusters of mutually supporting, mostly small and medium‐sized, flexibly specialized enterprises, held together by virtue of their deep local embedding and relations of trust—is now a well‐developed part of regional planning doctrine and folklore. The canonical cases are those located in the so‐called Third Italy’. In Part I of this paper, I review the theory, and present the first of three case studies, each of which challenges one or another fundamental element of the district model. Here, I consider evidence of penetration into the Emilian food packaging machinery district by outside financial interests, which have proceeded to impose hierarchical order on what had previously been more collaborative relations among more or less symmetrically powerful firms. The remaining two cases—on the emergence of vertical production systems in the clothing sector of the Veneto, and on the contradictions of excessive fragmentation in the production of Pratese woolen textiles—will be presented in Part II. These cases do not point to economic failure, per se, but they do (I think) point to an underlying contingency and ultimate instability of the canonical district form.     

What Must We Keep? The Rolt Memorial Lecture, 1982

Abstract

This paper starts by examining the degree to which the archaeological evidence for the industrial period has disappeared. It compares a record of signifi cant industrial sites in Eastern England made in the late 1970s with what survived 30 years later. It then seeks to investigate whether the evident decline in industrial activity and the disappearance of some industries entirely really constitutes the death of the industrial past, or whether it is our perceptions and defi nitions of what constitutes 'industry' and 'industrial archaeology' which need examining.     

Global Value Chains,Industrial Policy and Economic Upgrading in Ethiopia's Apparel Sector

This article examines whether low-income countries can still benefit from participating in manufacturing global value chains (GVCs) in terms of broader industrial development in a global context of greater competition and higher requirements. It contends that developing internationally competitive local firms and domestic linkages, in addition to upgrading, is crucial for participation in GVCs to drive industrialization. The study focuses on Ethiopia's recent experience with developing an apparel export industry through strategic industrial policy. Based on original empirical data collected through firm-level surveys and interviews with government officials, industry experts and buyers, the article analyses the upgrading and localization trajectories of foreign and local apparel-exporting firms. It argues that value-capture benefits in assembly positions in apparel GVCs have become more difficult. The potential for localization benefits depends on the type of global buyers and foreign producers and their levels of embeddedness, but whether this potential is realized also depends on local firm characteristics and related industrial policy. Ethiopia's industrial policy has been relatively successful regarding national economy linkages, but less successful in developing competitive local export firms due to a weak local manufacturing tradition combined with a global context that has led to a supplier squeeze.     

The Urban Emergence of a New Information Industry: Sydney's Multimedia Firms

This paper analyses the multimedia industry in Sydney. It seeks to understand whether the emergence of the industry has involved dense horizontal and vertical inter‐firm linkages characteristic of an industrial cluster, or whether the industry has grown because of general urbanisation economies related to such factors as skilled labour supply and market demand. The industry is highly concentrated in and around central Sydney. This provides the best access to firms’ main clients, notably advertising companies and other multimedia firms. It also reflects the centralised location of skilled labour such as web designers. While there is evidence of an emerging inner Sydney multimedia cluster which includes graphic design and advertising and related media, the main driver of the industry's development appears to have been general demand from advertising and related media companies, in association with the pool of computer graphics talent generated by these companies.     

Industry builds the city: the suburbanization of manufacturing in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1850–1940

The San Francisco Bay Area demonstrates how industrial dispersal had created the sprawling form of the American metropolis. Neither change in transport modes nor residential suburbanization is principally responsible for shaping the outward spiral of urbanization. Manufacturing began its outward march from the outset of the city's industrialization, establishing peripheral nodes of employment and working class residence within San Francisco, then beyond the city limits in South San Francisco and especially the East Bay. The main cause of decentralization has been industrial shifts; the outbreak of new activities in new places, normally in the form of industrial districts at various spatial scales. A second cause has been the orchestration of development by business leaders through property ownership and political manoeuvring guided by a general vision of metropolitan expansion, whether in co-operation or competition with one another.     

Industrial district or subordinated production: A case study of small-scale carpentry industries in Accra, Ghana

This article aims at gaining greater insight into the functioning of small-scale industries in an African context. The findings are based on predominately qualitative fieldwork conducted on small-scale carpentry industries in Accra, Ghana. A special concern is whether the small-scale carpenters are capable of acquiring the technological capabilities conducive to a positive industrial development. Two opposing frameworks, one neo-Marxist and one centred on the conceptualisation of industrial districts, are used to discern the nature of locally embedded production and supply linkages, and whether these are conducive to the technological capabilities needed for innovative growth. Despite facing similar structural constraints there are a few small-scale enterprises that remove themselves from the characteristics of informal production by making the greatest use of the services entailed in the carpentry production network. These linkages, however, are still not extensive enough, nor advanced enough, to bring about the technological innovations associated with a true industrial district. The benefits gained through interlinked production are thus better understood as a means of securing domestic resilience, rather than international competitiveness. Furthermore, an explanation for the limitations of these linkages must be sought beyond the meso-level analysis typical of an industrial district approach.     

不同区域尺度产业转移实证研究及相关论争综述

从产业转移概念出发,对产业区域转移实证研究视角、研究方法以及不同区域尺度研究结果进行梳理。认为根据已有实证研究可以得出中国产业转移发生情况的基本结论:①中国在整体上以及东中西部和四大板块之间只有较少的相对产业转移并没有发生大规模的产业转移。②东中西部地区之间存在的产业转移主要是技术密集型产业从中西部转入东部,资源依赖型产业从东部转入中西部。③东部地带各省份之间的产业转移相对规模较大。④东部地带各省份内部的产业转移相对规模更大。⑤不同区域尺度上产业转移实证研究结果符合距离衰减规律。对国内产业转移实践引发的梯度理论、产业转移滞缓原因、政府参与产业转移作用的研究进行了梳理。最后提出未来研究的一些方向。     

我国区域产业结构趋同问题研究综述

近20年来,国内学者和部分国外学者从产业结构趋同角度对我国区域经济发展状况进行了细致深入的研究。目前国内对此问题的研究主要集中在以下四个方面:产业结构趋同的测度方法;我国整体或局部地区(如长江三角洲地区)是否存在产业结构趋同;产业结构趋同合理与否研究;我国产业结构趋同的成因(包括分析方法和分析结果)及政策建议。本文从产业结构趋同的测度方法角度对该领域文献进行了分类综述,并在此基础上对文献中实证研究、分析手段的适用性和不足之处加以评述。     

Could Cities in De-Industrialized Regions Become Hot Spots for Attracting Cultural Businesses? The Case of Media Industry in Halle an der Saale (Germany)

Policy-makers from many regions where old industrial structures in the field of manufacturing have collapsed are trying to stimulate entrepreneurial activities of businesses in the cultural industry. The question is whether this strategy could be successful. This article examines the strategy of supporting the sector of media industry (“MI”) by policy-makers in the region of Halle in East Germany, where a strong de-industrialization has taken place after the German reunification. Stimulated by the policy-makers' support measures, there actually was a remarkable development of MI. However, the number of MI firms and their employees did not further increase in recent years, after having reached a certain level. This illustrates the limits of political measures for turning a city's path of industrial development voluntarily.     

Do Workers Benefit from Industrial Agglomeration?*

Abstract. This paper provides an empirical investigation of the advantages accruing to workers in industrial clusters. Using a unique data set based on the Cluster Mapping Project of the Italian National Statistical Institute, we examine whether industry agglomeration leads to wage and labor mobility differentials. We estimate complete Mincerian wage equations, investigating whether returns to seniority and education are a possible source of differentiation. We find that working in an industrial cluster reduces the returns to education, does not affect the returns to seniority, and does not provide average wage premia. On the other hand, industrial agglomeration positively affects the likelihood of being employed, of starting a business, and of making a transition from payroll employment to entrepreneurship; it also increases blue‐collar worker mobility across jobs.     

基于低碳目标的西部地区产业发展格局研究

产业发展格局一直是经济地理学的研究核心,一个区域产业结构的合理与否将直接影响到区域经济的发展。西部大开发战略实施以来,西部地区在产业发展取得巨大成就的同时,产业结构调整并没有取得实质性进展,东西部发展不平衡的主要问题已经从经济增长速度方面转变为产业结构层次的差距及由此引起的增长质量上的差距。可见,西部地区的产业发展结构还有待进一步完善;特别是在全球气候变化带来的节能减排压力下,西部地区需要重视当地生态环境状况,积极进行产业结构调整,构筑低碳型产业体系。本文在已有的研究基础上,分析我国西部地区产业发展现状以及其存在的问题,研究测算西部地区主要环境污染物排放趋势,进而探讨西部地区产业结构优化调整的方向,提出构建低碳型产业体系的政策和建议。     

试论青海省铝工业发展环境及发展思路

青海省铝工业发展非常迅速,目前电解铝产能已列全国第三位,成为我国铝工业大省。但青海省铝工业仍存在产业结构不合理、电解铝比重过大等问题。今后,要立足现有工业基础,充分利用丰富的水电资源优势,延长产业链,推动铝工业由单纯生产电解铝等初级产品向生产合金新材料转型,实现由大到强的转变。     

Innovation and cooperation during the emergence of local industrial clusters: An empirical study in Germany

This paper studies the dynamics that cause the emergence of local industrial clusters at a general level. Predictions about these dynamics are deduced from theoretical modelling. The predictions are tested with the help of empirical data from Germany. Three-digit manufacturing industries are classified according to their dynamics. It is examined whether certain industrial characteristics are able to predict the type of dynamics occurring. It is shown that a high number of process innovations and a high share of regional cooperation with suppliers and public research institutes characterize those industries in which local clusters emerge.     

珠江三角洲镇域乡镇工业发展及其地方经济影响研究——以顺德市北窑镇为例

本文以珠江三洲为研究区域,以顺德市北窑镇为实例,就乡镇工业发展对一个镇域地方经济产生的影响进行了研究。认为在一些乡镇工业部门的发展过程中,可以作为一个"增长极",通过前后项生产联系有效地带动地方农业和第三产业的增长,从而形成地方的多种经济活动空间集聚体。因此,地方政府在选择其经济增长极时需对其与其它经济部门的前后项生产联系作周密的考察。     

Design in government: City planning,space-making,and urban politics

In recent years, design has appeared in an ever-broadening range of government processes and projects, particularly in cities. What has design become, such that its methods and practices could be applied to urban planning and public administration? And what are the governmental problems that design methods and designers are being mobilized to address? This article answers these questions by tracing the tangled intersections of design, city planning, and urban administration in the last century. Through a genealogical analysis, it shows how a number of designers came to redefine design as a set of procedures for formulating and proposing solutions to “wicked problems.” This understanding of design—which developed in fields such as industrial and product design that were remote from government—has recently gained salience in public administration and city planning. In contrast to an influential geographical analysis of design as spectacular architecture that is divorced from any broad social objective, the article argues that design in government can be analyzed as the design of politics. Its concern is not with the aesthetic or functional qualities of material objects—whether a manufactured product, building, or article of clothing—but with the ongoing work of organizing argumentation and decision making about complex, large-scale problems.     

Industrial Policy in Wallonia: A Rupture with the Past?

One of the main issues facing almost all European regional policy-makers is how to ensure a smooth adaptation of their industrial structure in the face of changing societal and technological parameters. In the case of the Belgian region Wallonia, industrial decline has particularly marked the economy during recent decades and the need to promote structural change has been a central preoccupation of national and, subsequently, regional governments. At the same time, the highly complex system of governance in Belgium renders the definition and application of a coherent regional industrial policy difficult. This paper explores the development of industrial policy in the Walloon region with particular attention to the period since 1990 and the pertinence of the instruments and delivery mechanisms with respect to the underlying structural issues facing the regional economy. The paper is divided into four sections: the first offers a historical profile of the industrial development of the Walloon economy and in particular identifies some of the factors which provoked a serious structural crisis. The section reviews the economic impact of the successive phases of rationalization and diversification which have taken place since the 1970s and discusses how the industrial strategies adopted by the business sector and supported by the regional government have influenced the speed of economic regeneration. The second section considers the complex federal system of government in Belgium and how it influences the freedom of action for regional industrial policy. The governance of the economy by the numerous public or semi-public institutions active in the field of industrial policy is a crucial issue. A critical review of the main initiatives, instruments and targets of industrial policy in Wallonia is offered in section three, while the paper concludes by contrasting the Walloon industrial policy with initiatives taken in the neighbouring area of South-West Flanders and ponders the issue of whether in the end the key factor arresting the development of Wallonia is the insufficient level of 'social capital'.     

我国工业旅游发展探析

本文针对目前我国工业旅游的发展现状,在系统分析进一步开发工业旅游资源、促进工业旅游规模化发展的现实意义的基础上,从一个全新的视角--开发利用城市品牌资源出发,研究工业旅游在现实运作中存在的问题与面临的障碍,并对工业旅游资源的合理开发以及工业旅游业的全面发展进行了有益的探讨。     

Relationality and territoriality: rethinking policy circulation of industrial heritage reuse in Chongqing,China

ABSTRACT

Following the adoption of a socialist market economy in 1978, the Chinese city has accommodated radical changes in its urban industrial landscapes. In contrast with the large-scale reuse of industrial landscapes in the eastern Chinese cities, inland China has been witnessing the rapid disappearance of industrial heritage. The disparity of heritage conservation outcomes across urban China raises questions about why some leading cities conserve their heritage better or more readily than others, and why the same planning ideas, policies, and practice borrowed from elsewhere cannot be easily transferred or copied in the western cities. This paper applies the relational and territorial approach developed in the literature of urban policy transfer and mobilities to heritage studies. By conducting a case study in Chongqing, this paper examines how industrial heritage reuse has travelled as a global concept with its Chinese precedents to Chongqing, and why the idea has been diluted in the local context. The Chongqing case reveals that the heritage idea has travelled globally and nationally from eastern China and has mutated in respond to local circumstances. It is thus argued that the consequence of industrial heritage reuse can best be understood through a combined approach of relationality and territoriality.     

工业旅游项目策划研究——以山西丹朱岭旅游景区为例

工业旅游作为一个新兴的旅游项目,是近年来各工业企业开发的热点。本文首先对国内外工业旅游研究情况及旅游项目策划研究情况进行了探讨,其次以山西丹朱岭旅游景区为例,分析了工业旅游开发的可行性、工业旅游项目产品策划、营销策划,在此基础上提出了一个工业旅游项目策划模式。