BOOKS IN SUMMARY

Book reviewed in this issue. Artifice and Design : Art and Technology in Human Experience . by Barry Allen . Between Mass Death and Individual Loss : The Place of the Dead in Twentieth ‐Century Germany . Edited by Alon Confino, Paul Betts, and Dirk Schumann. Reading Primary Sources : The Interpretation of Texts from Nineteenth‐and Twentieth ‐Century History . Edited by Miriam Dobson and Benjamin Ziemann. In the Light of Medieval Spain : Islam, the West, and the Relevance of the Past . Edited by Simon R. Doubleday and David Coleman. Diasporas . by Stéphane Dufoix . Was Ist Geschichte ? Aktuelle Entwicklungstendenzen von Geschichtsphilosophie und Geschichtswissenschaft . Edited by Wolfgang Eichhorn and Wolfgang Küttler. Past in the Making : Historical Revisionism in Central Europe after 1989. Edited by Michal Kope?ek. Time and History : The Variety of Cultures . Edited by Jörn Rüsen.     

WHAT CONDITION OUR CONDITION IS IN

In Humanism in Intercultural Perspective, editors Jörn Rüsen and Henner Laass outline their project of renewing the foundations of the notion of “humanism.” They collect a large variety of contributions they hope will be conducive to this aim. Yet the architecture of the project leaves open a long list of conceptual problems, concerning in particular: the integration of cultural diversity into humanism; the relationship between humanism and the political; the way in which normativity is incorporated into humanism; and the question as to the place of historicity in the human condition. An extended discussion of Elisio Macamo's, Dipesh Chakrabarty's, and Friedrich Wilhelm Graf's contributions to the volume serves to further elucidate these problems and to explore ways in which they might possibly be solved.     

STORY MAKES HISTORY,THEORY MAKES STORY: DEVELOPING RÜSEN'S HISTORIK IN LOGICAL AND SEMIOTIC DIRECTIONS

This essay will argue that the traditional opposition between narrative and theory in historical sciences is dissolved if we conceive of narratives as theoretical devices for understanding events in time through special concepts that abridge typical sequences of events. I shall stress, in the context of the Historical Knowledge Epistemological Square (HKES) that emerged with the scientization of history, that history is always narrative, story has a theoretical ground of itself, and scientific histories address the need for a conceptual progression in ever‐improved narratives. This will lead to identification of three major theoretical levels in historical stories: naming, plotting (or emplotment), and formalizing. We revisit Jörn Rüsen's theory of history as the best starting point, and explore to what extent it could be developed by (i) taking a deeper look into narratological knowledge, and (ii) reanalyzing logically the conceptual strata in order to bridge the overrated Forschung/Darstellung (research/exposition) divide. The corollary: we should consider (scientific) historical writing as the last step of historical research, not as the next step after research is over. This thesis will drive us to a reconsideration of the German Historik regarding the problem of interpretation and exposition. Far from alienating history from science, narrative links history positively to anthropology and biology. The crossing of our triad name‐plot‐model with Rüsen's four theoretical levels (categories‐types‐concepts‐names) points to the feasibility of expanding Rüsen's Historik in logical and semiotic directions. Story makes history, theory makes story, and historical reason may proceed.     

BALANCED TRUTH: STEVEN SPIELBERG'S SCHINDLER'S LIST AMONG HISTORY,MEMORY, AND POPULAR CULTURE1

Looking at the public reaction to it, one might say that Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List is undoubtedly the most successful film about the Holocaust. The film's success in the U.S. and other Western countries can be traced back mainly to the fact that it creates the impression of telling a true, apparently authentic, story. This essay investigates how this impression of historical truth and authenticity emerges in a fiction film. For this purpose the essay reverts to a concept developed by Jörn Rüsen, which distinguishes among three dimensions of historical culture, namely political, aesthetic, and cognitive. In addition to the historical context that serves as a specific precondition for the film's success, the essay primarily investigates the strategies of authentication Spielberg applied at both the visual and narrative levels. The investigation concludes that the impression of evidence produced by the movie is significantly a result of the sophisticated balancing of the three dimensions mentioned above. The film utilizes artifacts of an existing and increasingly transnational (visual) memory for the benefit of a closed, archetypical narrative. It follows the aesthetic and artistic rules of popular narrative cinema, and largely recurs to conventions of representation that were common in film and television programs of the 1990s. Although these forms condense the historical course of events, the film manages to stay close to insights gained by historiography. The hybrid amalgamation of history and memory, and of the imaginary and the real, as well as the combination of dramaturgies of popular culture with an instinct for what can (not) be shown—all of these factors have helped Schindler's List to render a representation of the founding Holocaust myth in Western societies that can be sensually experienced while being emotionally impressive at the same time.     

Comments on ideas around prehistoric societies positivism and dialectics

Inga Hägg: Die Textilfunde aus dem Hafen von Haithabu (The Textile Finds from the Harbour of Haithabu). Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu, Bericht 20. Neumünster 1984. 290 pp., 108 Figs.

Jóhannes Jóhansen: Studies in the Vegetation History of the Faroe and Shetland Islands. Annales societatis scientiarum færoensis. Supplementum XI. Tórshavn 1985. 117 pages, 10 plates, 19 figs.

Asbj?rn E. Herteig (ed.): The Bryggen Papers, Supplementary Series No. 1. 1985. 100 pp., 46 figs.     

Iron age farms in Southwest Norway the development of the agrarian landscape on Jæren

In this issue of NAR the development of the agrarian landscape and the farm structure in the Iron Age in Southwest Norway ‐ especially in the district of Jæren ‐ is taken up as a subject for discussion. Two publications by Bj?rn Myhre (Funn, fornminner og ?degårder. Jernalderens bosetning i H?yland Fjellbygd. Stavanger Museums Skrifter 7,1972 and The Iron Age Farm in Southwest Norway. NAR 6, No. 1, 1973) are commented upon by Björn Ambrosiani, Arnvid Lillehammer, Sven‐Olof Lindquist, Perry Rolfsen and Ulf Sporrong. Bj?rn Myhre's reply to the comments closes the discussion.     

Historical Orientation: Jörn Rüsen's Answer to Nietzsche and His Followers

Historische Orientierung: Über die Arbeit des Gescichtsbewusstseins, sich in der Zeit zurechtzufinden . By Jörn Rüsen.     

The Quarrel Between Historians And Postmodernists

Book reviewed in this article:
Konstruktion der Vergangenheit: Eine Einführung in die Geschichts-theorie By Chris Lorenz. Translated from Dutch by Annegret Böttner with Introduction by Jörn Rüsen     

Alien coins and foreign exchange banking in a medieval commune: Thirteenth-century Lucca

In der Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts liefen Gerüchte durch Europa von einem mächtigen christlichen Herrscher im Rücken des Islam, mit Namen ‘Priester Johannes’, in dessen riesigem Reich den Berichten nach sozialer Frieden herrschte, wunderbare Völker, Tiere und Pflanzen, auch wertvolle Edelsteine mit wunderkräftiger Wirkung zu finden sein sollten.Nachdem dieses Reich anfangs in Indien gesucht wurde, verlegte man es im 13. Jahrhundert nach Zentralasien und im 14. Jahrhundert nach Äthiopien. Heinrich der Seefahrer und seine Kapitäne versuchten, diesen mächtigen Herrscher zu erreichen, um mit ihm den Islam im Rücken anzugreifen. Aber erst 1517 gelang es den Portugiesen, den äthiopischen Herrscher persönlich zu treffen und ihm gegen seine islamischen Gegner zu helfen. Durch ungeschickte Politik machten sich die Portugiesen verhaβ, wurden verfolgt und 1640 endgültig aus Äthiopien vertrieben.Mit einem interdisziplinären Ansatz, der sich im wesentlichen auf die Fächer Geschichte und Ethnologie, aber auch Geographie, Germanistik und Theologie, stützt, wird der Versuch unternommen zu klären, ob es diesen Priester Johannes wirklich gab und wo sein Reich lag oder, falls es beides nicht gab, wer im 12. Jahrhundert Interesse an der ‘Erfindung’ einer solchen Person hatte und welche Folgen dies in den folgenden Jahrhunderten zeigte.     

Justinian I. und die Patriarchate Rom und Konstantinopel

In Auseinandersetzung mit einigen neueren Beiträgen (Andreae, Görler) sucht der Verf. die Schwierigkeiten im Abschnitt über die Laokoongruppe aufzuzeigen und zu lösen. Er behandelt dabei u.a. den logischen Zusammenhang, den Sinn von nec plures pariter nuncupari possunt, die Beziehung von sicut in Laocoonte zum Ganzen und nicht zuletzt die Bedeutung der Apposition opus omnibus ... praeferendum. Das Ergebnis der Analyse bestätigt wichtige Elemente der traditionellen Deutung.     

Book reviews

The Anatomy of a Little War. A Diplomatic and Military History of the Gundovald Affair (568–586) . By Bernard S. Bachrach. Intinerant Kingship and Roual Monastesries in Early Medieval Germany c. 936–1075. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought). By John W. Bernhardt. Abü Ma‘?’ar, the Abbreviation of the Introduction to Astrology, Together with the Medieval Latin Translation of Adelard of Bath . Edited and translated by Ch. Burnett, K. Yamamoto and M. Yano. Interactions of Thought and Language in Old English Poetry . By Peter Clemoes. The Chronicle of Marcellinus, Translation and Commentary . By Brain Croke. Anglo-Saxon Church Councils c. 650-c. 850. By Catherine Cubitt. English Carolin Script and Monastic History: Studies in Benedictinism, A. D. 950–1030 . By David N. Dumville. Studien zum Polyptychon von Saint-German-des-Prés . By Konrad Elmhäuser and Andreas Hedwig. Das Polyptychon von Saint-German-des-Prés: Studienausgabe . By Konrad Elmhäuser and Andreas Hedwig. Viking Age Ringed Pins from Dublin . By Thomas Fanning. Settlement and Social Organization. The Merovingian Region of Metz . By Guy Halsall. Famille et pouvoir dans le monde franc (VIIIe-Xe siècle). Essai d'anthropologie sociale . By Régine Le Jan. Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul, AD 481–751 . By Yitzhak Hen. The English conquest: Gildas and Britain in the fifth century. N. J. Higman. Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich . By Reinhold Kaiser Die Entstehung des Deutschen Reiches . By Joachim Ehlers Königtum und Königsherrschaft im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert . By Egon Boshof Die Regularis Concordia und ihre altenglische Interlinearversion. Mit Einleitung und Kommentar , edited by Lucia Kornexl. Zur päpstlichen Urkundensprache im frühen Mittelalter: Die päpstlichen Privilegien 896- 1046 . By Hans-Henning Kortüm. Miracles and the Venerable Bede . By W. D. MCready. Both One and Many: Essay on Change and Variety in Late Norse Heathenism . By John MKinnell, Fiefs and Vassals. The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted . S. Reynolds. Danish Medieval History: New Currents . Edited by Niels Skyum-Nielsen and Niels Lund. The Road to Judgment: From Custom to Court in Medieval Ireland and Wales . By Robin Chapman Stacey. Oswald: Northumbrian King to European Saint , Edited by Clare Stancliffe and Eric Cambridge. In the Foreground Beowulf . By Eric Gerald Stanley.     

Ghost Lights of the West Highlands

THE WITCH FIGURE. Edited by VENETIA NEWALL. Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1973. Pp. 239. £4.50. Reviewed by Richard Cavendish.

DIE NEUE EVA. Der Sündenfall in Volksglaube und Volkserzählung. By P. SCHWARZ. Arbeiten zur Germanistik, Nr. 77. Verlag Alfred Kümmerle, Göppingen, 1973. Pp. (3), 249, (2). 1 distribution map. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

OSTJAKISCHE HELDENLIEDER AUS JÓZSEF PÁPAY'S NACHLASS. Edited by ISTVÁN ERDÉLYI. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1972. Pp. 503. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

SCOTTISH STUDIES. Vol. 16, Pts. I and II. 1972. Pp. 210. Reviewed by J. D. A. Widdowson.

HIEDELMEK, VARÁZSLATOK, BOSZORKÁNYOK (Beliefs, witchcraft, witches). By ANDRÁS KRUPA. County Council of Békés, Department of Culture. Békéscsaba, Hungary, 1974. Pp. 373. Reviewed by Bela Gunda.

VON NEUJAHR BIS SILVESTER. VOLKSTÜMLICHE TERMINE IN OBERÖSTERREICH (From New Year to New Year's Eve. Popular Dates in Upper Austria). By RUDOLF FOCHLER. Oberösterreichischer Landesverlag, Linz, 1971. Pp. 252. Reviewed by Béla Gunda

GHOST HUNTING: A Practical Guide. By ANDREW GREEN. Gamstone Press, 1973. Pp. 168. £2.25. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

THE GHOSTS OF BORLEY: Annals of the Haunted Rectory. By PAUL TABORI and PETER UNDERWOOD. David &; Charles, Newton Abbot, 1973. Pp. 240. Plates. £3.50. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

GHOSTS IN THE SOUTH WEST. By JAMES TURNER. David &; Charles, Newton Abbot, 1973. Pp. 165. Plates XIV. £2.95. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

COME DAY, GO DAY, GOD SEND SUNDAY. By ROBIN MORTON. Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1973. £2.95. Reviewed by A. C. Percival.     

REVIEWS

Wörterverzeichnis des Omong Djakarta. By Hans Kähler, Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für Indonesische und Südseesprachen der Universität Hamburg, Band 5. Verlag von Dietrich Reimer in Berlin, 1966. pp. XXII and 351.     

The Arabs of Kordofan: A study of adaptation

Zehn Jahre in Aequatoria, und die Rückkehr mit Emin Pacha. Von Major Gaetano Casati. Bamberg : Buchnersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1891.

Anleitung zur Bearbeitung meteorologischer Beobachtungen für die Klimatologie. Von Dr. Hugo Meyer, Assistent am Königlichen meteorologischen Institut. Berlin : Verlag von Julius Springer, 1891. Pp. 187.

Klimaschwankungen seit 1700, nebst Bemerkungen über die Klimaschwankungen der Diluvialzeit. Von Dr. Eduard Brückner, a. o. Professor der Geo‐graphie an der Universität zu Bern. Mit einer Tafel, 13 Fignren im Texte und zahlreichen Tabellen. Wien und Olmütz : Ed. Hölzel, 1890. Pp. 324.

Bibliotheca Geographica Palaestinae. Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf der Geographie des Heiligen Landes bezüglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 und Versuch einer Cartographie. Herausgegeben von Reinhold Röhricht. Berlin : H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1890. Pp. 744.

Chinesische Studien. Von Friedrich Hirth. Band I. München und Leipzig: G. Hirth's Verlag, 1890. Pp. 322.

Die Bildenden Künste lei den Dayaks auf Borneo. Ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen Kunstgeschichte. Von Alois Raimund Hein, k.k. Professor und Akade‐mischer Maler. Mit einem Titelbilde, zehn Tafeln, neunzig Text‐Illustrationen, und einer Karte. Wien : Alfred Hölder, 1890. Pp. xiv + 228.

Ethnographische Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Karolinen‐Archipels. Von J. S. Kubary, unter Mitwirkung von J. D. E. Schmeltz, Conservator am ethno‐graphischen Reichsmuseum in Leiden. Erstes Heft, mit 15 Tafeln. Leiden : Verlag von P. W. M. Trap, 1889. Pp. iv+114.

Religion der Alten Aegypter. Dargestellt von Dr. A. Wiedemann. Münster in Westphalen, 1890. Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung. Pp. 175.

An Appeal to Pharaoh. The Negro Problem, and its Radical Solution. New York : Fords, Howard and Hulbert, 1890. Pp. 205.

A Historical Geography of the British Colonies. By C. P. Lucas, B.A. Vol. ii. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1890. Pp. 343. 12 Maps and Diagrams. Price 7s. 6d.

Geography of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. By the Eev. William Parr Greswell, M.A. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891. Pp. xii+154. 10 Maps. Price 6s.

School Geography. Kirchhoff and Sonnenschein. Junior course. London : Swan, Sonnenschein and Co., 1891. Pp. 144. 14 Plates. Price 2s. 6d.

Géographie Économique de l'Afrique, l'Asie, l'Océanie et l'Amérique. Par Marcel Dubois. Paris : G. Masson, 1889. Pp. 730.

English Rediscovery and Colonisation of America. By John B. and Marie A. Shipley. London : Elliot Stock ; not dated. Pp. xvi+151.

Meyers Konversations‐Lexikon. Siebzehnter Band. Leipzig und Wien. Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, 1890. Pp. 1059.

The Trees of North‐Eastern America. Illustrations from Original Sketches. By Charles S. Newhall. New York and London : G. N. Putman's Sons, 1890.

The Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adjacent States, and the State of Aboriginal Society in the Scale of Civilisation represented by them. By Gates P. Thruston. Pp. xv+369. 17 Plates and 246 Cuts. Index. Price 4 dollars. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke and Co., 1890.

The Antiquities of the State of Ohio. By Henry A. Shepherd. Pp. vi + 139. Maps, Plans, Illustrations. Price 2 dollars. Same Publishers.

Fort Ancient, Ohio. By Warren K. Moorehead. Pp. xii + 129. 2 Maps, 35 Phototypes. Price 2 dollars. Same Publishers.     

Hybrids of the Romantic: Frankenstein,Olimpia, and Artificial Life

Hybride der Romantik: Frankenstein, Olimpia und das künstliche Leben . Dieser Beitrag untersucht Vorstellungen über die Möglichkeit der Erzeugung künstlicher Lebewesen in der Zeit der Romantik und die damit verbundenen Ängste am Beispiel zweier fiktionaler Texte: Mary Shelleys Frankenstein und Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmanns Sandmann. Dr. Franksteins Monster und Dr. Spalanzanis Automat verkörpern – auf unterschiedliche Weise – die Möglichkeit einer Wendung wissenschaftlicher Produkte und insbesondere künstlicher Hybride ins Monströse. Ihre Geschichten thematisieren das Grauen, das vom drohenden Kontrollverlust ausgeht und als der modernen Wissenschaft innewohnende Gefahr selbst nach der Zerstörung der monströsen Kreaturen bestehen bleibt. Der Begriff des Unheimlichen, von Ernst Jentsch und Sigmund Freud mit Bezug auf Hoffmanns Sandmann formuliert und 1970 von dem japanischen Robotiker Masahiro Mori als Phänomen „des unheimlichen Tals“ (Uncanny Valley) weiterentwickelt, erlaubt weitere Einblicke in die Frage nach künstlichen Lebewesen und ihre Interaktion mit Menschen. Summary: Hybrids of the Romantic: Frankenstein, Olimpia, and Artificial Life . This essay analyzes fantasies and fears related to the possible creation of artificial humans in two influential pieces of Romantic literature, namely E.T.A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann and Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Both the automaton Olimpia and Dr. Frankenstein's monster are hybrid creatures. These dystopian figures represent the Romantic fear of the loss of control over the outcome of human endeavour, they symbolize the dangers immanent in modern science and technology. As hybrids, Olimpia and Frankenstein's monster are capable of breaking apparently unpenetrable boundaries, such as those between human and non-human, and between life and death. As such, these creatures become “unheimlich” (uncanny), a critical term developed by Ernst Jentsch and Sigmund Freud, who directly referred to Hoffmann's Sandman. The term “uncanny” was further developed by the Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori in the 1970s. Mori's investigation of human responses to androids (“Uncanny Valley”), shows the persistence of doubts and fears surrounding artificial humans far beyond the Romantic times, and opens new questions related to the issues of creation, reproduction, hybrids, hubris and gender.     

Book reviews

Eid und Herrschaft. Untersuchungen zum Herrscherethos Karls des Groβen . Vorträge und Forschungen. Sonderband 39. By Matthias Becher. Aurelius Victor: De Caesaribus . Translated with an introduction and commentary by H. W. Bird Anglo-Saxon Oxfordshire . By John Blair. Stroud and Dover, The‘chronicle'of Hydatius and the‘Consularia Constantinopolitana ‘. Two contemporary accounts of the final years of the Roman Empire. Edited with and English translation by R. W. Burgess. Philologische Studien zur Chronik des Hydatius von Chaves (Palingenesia xlvii). By Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann. The Later Roman Empire, AD 284–430. By Averil Cameron. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395–600 . By Averil Cameron. L’Économie médiévale . By P. Contamine, M. Bompaire, S. Lebecq and J.-L. Sarrazin. Civitas to Kingdom, British Political Continuity 300–800. By K. R. Dark. Discovery by Design. The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400–700. By K. R. Dark. Saint Patric's World: The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age . Translations and commentaries by Liam de Paor. Les fonctions des saints dans le monde occidental (III^c-XIII^c siècle): Actes du colloque, Rome 1988, Collection de l'Ecole Française de Rome, 149. Rome: 1991. 551 pp. 525 F. ISSN 0223 5099; ISBN 2 7283 0228 2. Die Begegnung des Westens mit dem Osten. Kongreβakten des 4. Symposions des Mediävistenverbandes in Köln 1991 aus Anlaβ des 1000. Todesjahres der Kaiserin Theophanu . Edited by Odilo Engels and Peter Schreiner. A History of English Field-Names . By John Field. Manuscrits hagiographiques et travail des hagiographes . Edited by M. Heinzelmann. Animals in Early Medieval Art. By Carola Hicks. The Book of Letters of Saint Parick the Beshop. By D. R. Howlett. Die Stadtkirche St Laurentius in Winterthur: Ergebnisse der Archäologischen und Historischen Forschungen . By Carola Jäggi, H-R. Meier, Renata Windler and Martin Illi. Caesarius of Arles. The Making of a Christian Community in Late Antique Gaul . By William E. Klingshirn. Fernhandel und Geldwirtschaft: Beiträge zum deutschen Münzwesen in Sächsischer und Salischer Zeit. Ergebnisse des Dannenberg-Kolloquiums 1990. Edited by Bernd Kluge. The Picts and the Scots. By Lloyd and Jenny Laing. Cnut: The Danes in England in the Early Eleventh Century. By M. K. Lawson. Benedictine Maledictions. Liturgical Cursing in romanesque France. By Lester K. Little. Ship of the Port of London: First of Eleventh centuries AD . By Peter marsden. The Clash of Gods. A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art. By Thomas F. Mathews. Thrymsas and sceattas in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford. By D. M. Mctcalf. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science . Translated Texts for Historians, 16. Translated with notes and introduction by N. P. Milner. Eutropius: Breviarium . Translated Texts for Historians 14. Translated with an introduction and commentary by H. W. Bird. Cultural Interplay in the Eight Century: The Trier Gospels and the Making of the sciptorium at Echternach . By Nancy Netzer. Römer und Alamannen im Breisgau: Studien zur Besiedlungsgeschichte in Spätantike und frühem Mittelalter . Edited by H. Nuber, K. Schmid, H. Steuer and T. Zotz. Corpus of Early Christian Inscribed Stones of South-west Britain . By Elisabeth Okasha. Un historien et son Église au X siècle, Flodoard de Reims . By Michel Sot. The Age of Migration Ideas. Early Medieval Art in Northern Britain and Ireland. Edited by R. M. Spearman and J. Higgitt. Rural Aspects of Early Medieval Northwest Europe . By Adrian Verhulst. Études sur le Grand Domaine Carolingien . By Jean-Pierre Devroey. Signs and Wonders: Saints, Miracles and Prayers from the 4th Century to the 14th . By Benedicta Ward. Anglo-Saxon Paganism By David Wilson. The Uley Shrines . By Ann Woodward and Peter Leach. The Irish Tradition in Old English Literature. By Charles D. Wright.     

Review

Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, hrsg. von H. Paul. Vol. II, Part II, Section 6: Uebersicht über die aus mündlicher Ueberiieferung geschöpften Sammlungen der Volkspocsie (a) Skandinavische Volkspoesic, von A. Lundell. By A. Nutt.     

Notes,Bibliographies, and Documents

Heinrich Jürges and the Cult of Disinformation; Leslie B. Rout, JR. and John F. Bratzel     

BOOKS IN SUMMARY

Books reviewed in this article: Rewriting the Middle Ages in the Twentieth Century . Edited by Jaume Aurell and Francisco Crosas An Imaginative Whig : Reassessing the Life and Thought of Edmund Burke . Edited by Ian Crowe Toward a Global Community of Historians : The International Historical Congresses and the International Committee of Historical Sciences 1898‐2000. By Karl Dietrich Erdmann; edited by Jürgen Kocka and Wolfgang J. Mommsen in collaboration with Agnes Blänsdorf; translated by Alan Nothnagle Race , Culture and the Intellectuals 1940‐1970. By Richard H. King The American Intellectual Tradition and Multiculturalism . By Hyungdae Lee The Invention of World Religions , Or , How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism . By Tomoko Masuzawa Commonwealth Principles : Republican Writing of the English Revolution . By Jonathan Scott Herbert Butterfield and the Interpretation of History . By Keith C. Sewell