晚唐五代归义军政权与佛教教团关系研究

晚唐五代敦煌地区佛教兴盛,佛教教团与归义军政权关系密切。张议潮收复河西及建立归义军政权得到佛教教团的巨大帮助,僧使来往于长安敦煌之间,作为幕僚参与归义军政权决策活动,地位崇高,政教间互相依赖、利用,佛教得到政府的支持而呈现空前兴盛。归义军后期佛教教团地位下滑,政权制约、干涉佛教教团事务,高僧成为官府释吏,政府法令渗透到佛教教团的清规戒律之中。     

晚唐五代敦煌佛教教团僧尼违戒——以饮酒为中心的探讨

晚唐五代敦煌佛教教团僧尼违戒饮酒是一个不争的事实,也是敦煌学术界十分关注但是没有解决的问题。根据佛教戒律的五戒或者十戒规定僧尼不准饮酒。敦煌文献中榜文规定僧尼不能饮酒,特别是在寺院进行佛事活动中严禁饮酒,规定“甘汤美药,各任于时供承,非食醇醪,切断不令入寺。”其中醇醪就是指酒,凡是饮酒者都不得进入寺院之内。似乎不饮酒的规定被彻底贯彻执行了,但是根据敦煌籍帐文书的记载,晚唐五代敦煌佛教教团僧尼饮酒成风,五戒十戒根本起不了任何作用。在敦煌文献中保留了大量晚唐五代敦煌饮食文化资料,在这些资料中主要部分是寺院僧尼诸色支出帐,特别是净土寺等寺院的酒帐,更能说明问题,酒帐中记载了净土寺一年中各种关于酒的开支情况。在一般籍帐中记载了很多晚唐五代佛教教团僧尼饮酒支出。这些资料对于我们了解晚唐五代敦煌佛教教团僧尼饮酒状况,探讨僧尼违戒饮酒形成历史和社会的原因,具有很高的价值。     

晚唐五代敦煌佛教教团的戒律和清规

晚唐五代敦煌佛教教团虽然没有保留下来成的清规一类的东西,但是在膀中有很多与清规有关的规定的记载,通过对其进行分析可以了解当时清规的大概情况。本认为晚唐五代敦煌佛教教团制定有自己的清规,这种清规有很多称呼,所谓规矩、律式、格令等都是指佛教教团的清规。晚唐五代敦煌的佛教教团的清规与禅宗洪州宗关系密切,敦煌佛教教团的很多规定都与淮海禅师的百丈清规有相似的地方,受到洪州宗的禅门规式影响比较大。但是敦煌佛教教团也有其地域特色,有很多方面在洪州宗百丈清规中严加限定的内容,在敦煌反而不加限定或限定不严格。     

归义军时期敦煌佛教教团的道德观念初探

本文主要以敦煌文献为中心,结合归义军时期的历史现状,对归义军时期敦煌佛教教团的道德观念进行了初步的考察。通过研究我们发现,随着儒、释、道三教的日渐合一,佛教与儒学传统的意识形态和价值体系日益趋同,世俗的君臣关系、忠孝之儒家道德观念,成了佛教知识及其价值体系的重要内容,也是归义军时期敦煌佛教教团所遵守的基本准则。     

都教授张金炫和尚生平事迹考

都教授张金炫和尚生平事迹考郑炳林张金炫，吐蓄时敦煌乾元寺僧，曾任吐番敦煌佛教教团僧首都教授之职，主持修建了其功德窟莫高窟第１５５窟，敦煌写本邀真赞中保存有张金炫和尚的邈真赞，是敦煌佛教教团中一位很有声望的高僧。关于张金炫，竺沙雅章、陈祚龙、荣新江、马...     

试论我国早期石窟艺术的民族特色

佛教石窟寺艺术（ＣａｖｅｔｅｍｐｌｅＡｒｔ）是世界文化艺术宝库中的珍品,中国是世界上佛教石窟寺艺术最为繁荣和发达的国家。石窟开凿时间之长、分布之广、数量之众、规模之大,任何国家都不能比拟,甚至包括佛教及佛教艺术的故乡──印度在内。中国佛教石窟寺艺术的形式尽管是外来的,但它从一开始就不是印度五窟寺艺术简单的模仿或翻版,而是融会贯通,博采众长,不断创新,逐渐显现出自己的民族特色。本文将着重讨论中亚佛教石窟寺中雕塑、壁画艺术在我国东渐时逐步民族化的过程。佛教自公元前６世纪至５世纪在印度创立之后,在向世…     

古德寺腾退记

<正>古德寺,坐落于汉口黄浦大街旁,始建于1877年,至1930年代初主要建筑大体完成,与归元寺、宝通寺、莲溪寺并称为武汉地区四大佛教丛林。2013年,古德寺作为近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑,列入全国重点文物保护单位。古德寺建筑风格独特,主要表现在：它以中国汉语系佛教建筑文化特点为主,兼揽汉语系、巴利语系等佛教流派的建筑文化特点;它以中国佛教建筑文化特色为主,兼容基督教、     

浅谈石窟寺在甘肃的传播

石窟寺,梵语称"僧伽蓝",是在洞窟之中陈示佛教雕刻、塑像或壁画,以此宣传和弘扬佛法的一种佛教寺院建筑。公元3世纪,佛教在西域落户,随着佛教的东传,我国最早的石窟寺也在西域诞生。最初的石窟寺现存我国新疆维吾尔自治区拜城县名为克孜尔石窟。继东晋十六国和南北朝时期佛教在我国盛极一时,石窟开凿也在这一时期经西域传到甘肃。     

汉至北魏秦州佛教史料与麦积山石窟(二)

北魏佛教受凉州佛教及其它十六国佛教影响,得到了长足的发展.尤其是在文成帝复兴佛法直到北魏灭亡,佛教持续兴盛.以云冈、龙门等为代表的大量石窟寺的营建,以及其它佛教遗存都是北魏佛教发展和兴盛的实证.泰州一带,麦积山石窟也开始大量开凿,终成为陇右地区规模最大的石窟寺,也成为陇右佛教的中心.史料中高僧的活动、地方官员的奉佛以及佛教势力的增长等,都表现出秦州佛教的发达,并且与麦积山石窟的开凿有很大的关系.     

中日战争时期日本真宗大谷派在华活动初探

日本帝国主义侵华战争中的一项重要内容是利用宗教教团的在华活动（日本学术界称这种活动为“开教”,更有些学者称之为“追教”,本文则借用“开教”这个词）来配合帝国政府的军事侵略和经济掠夺。这些宗教教团包括神道系统的天理教、金光教;佛教系统的古义真言宗、净土...     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.