Anthropology of exile: Mapping territories of experience

While it is possible to define exile broadly as a specific type of mobility – ‘forced migration’ – the expression is subject to multiple definitions. In this article, the author looks at exile by drawing on ethnographic examples from the Associação de Exilados Políticos Portugueses (Association of Portuguese Political Exiles, AEP61-74), founded in Lisbon in 2015. The author suggests that the concept of exile should not be a mere label for a particular type of person or situation (present in classic literary examples), but rather a conceptual category that can include a multitude of socio-economic, historical, psychological and biographical realities.     

Le Psaume 80 Dans Le Cadre Du Psautier Et Ezechiel 17

Psalm 80 is a Psalm of Asaph in the continuity of Psalm 79, and especially Psalm 78. We have the influence of Psalm 44 in relation to the Psalm 79, too. In the Psalms 78 and 80 we have two times in Israel's history: Patriarch's time (Joseph) and King's time (Judah). Joseph's mention in 80,2 and Ephraim Benjamin and Manasseh in 80,3, is an allusion to Egypt's time, a time without King. This point is corresponding to the fact of a doubt about the continuation of the royalty in the continuity of Ez 17. In the same way, Psalm 89 establishes the disappearance of the Davidic dynasty. But in the Psalm 80 there is always a hope. In the Psalm 80 the perspective of salvation plays an important part, with especially three times the expression . In this case it is not an influence of the book of Ezekiel, but a perspective of the Book of Isaiah, and so the Psalter. In this way it is possible to understand the relation of Psalm 80 to the Book of Exodus and especially Ex 15, see .     

Thou With Me: A Study in the Structure of Psalm 23

Psalm 23 is one of the most widely beloved and commonly quoted poems in the corpus of biblical literature. Recently, this psalm has come under scrutiny, particularly from James Kugel, for its apparent lack of adherence to theoretical rules of Hebrew poetics. This study presents a thor-ough examination of Psalm 23 in order to establish its versification and poetic principles. This paper first addresses stichometry, establishing a working hy-pothesis of the psalm’s lines and cola, and the poet’s guiding principles of sti-chometry. The study then discusses versification, exploring thematic and sty-listic units which demonstrate the division of Psalm 23 into strophes. Finally, based on the established stichometry and versification, this paper will look at the poem’s macrostructure, its internal logic, and how these are used to create a central theme and coherent narrative.     

Dwelling Brothers,Oozing Oil,and Descending Dew: Reading Psalm 133 Through the Lens of Yehudite Social Memory

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the ways in which Psalm 133 contributes to and is shaped by social memory in Yehud. By reading this psalm as a voice within a larger discourse of cultural memories, the images of brothers dwell-ing together, flowing oil, and dew can be understood to fit within a standard narrative structure according to which the Yehudite community fashioned its stories, highlighting a sense of continuity between Israel’s perceived golden age and its anticipated utopian future. In this paper, I argue that through the collective reliving of shared memories, the community was able to virtually participate in the glorious existence that it perceived to be due to it as YHWH’s chosen people, contributing to a sense of collective identity.     

Travel,migration, exile: Garibaldi's global fame

In this article, it is argued that Garibaldi's global fame owes much to his own experiences as a migrant and exile in the Americas. Overseas, Garibaldi not only acquired several practical and political skills, he also built up an important network of friends and supporters and became a hybrid figure able to adapt his image to diverse political settings. At the same time, Garibaldi relied on the trope of exile, developed by people like Ugo Foscolo, to define his opposition to, first, Italy's Restoration governments and, after Italian unification, the new moderate liberal regime. The article also looks at Garibaldi's life on Caprera and it is further argued that here Garibaldi combined elements of his previous experiences to fashion a role for himself as a ‘foreigner in Italy’. Garibaldi was a symbol of many worlds as well as a hero of two and it is precisely this hybrid nature of his appeal that can explain his global popularity.     

论唐代的配隶刑

配隶是流刑的一个变种,但重于普通流刑,两者之间的区别在于:普通流刑只居作一年,然后就可在当地附籍为民,而配隶则要长时间做苦役。配隶并不一定将犯人罚入军队,而是多将其发遣到边远的州郡服役,所以常被称为配州。配隶在唐代的出现主要有两方面的原因:首先是五刑制度本身存在的缺陷所致;其次是出于充实国防的目的。配隶刑对后世刑制产生了重要影响。     

Weapons,words, politics: the three seasons of the post-unification exile of the Bourbon Monarchy (1860–1866)

ABSTRACT

This article reconstructs the ‘three seasons’ of the exile of the Bourbon rulers of southern Italy after 1860. Unlike the previous periods of exile suffered by the dynasty (in 1799 and between 1806 and 1815), the Bourbon exile after Unification took the form of a ‘hierarchical’ emigration government, ruler and diplomatic corps, and numerous foreign volunteers ready to fight for the monarchy. Between 1860 and 1866 this ‘control centre’ organized armed expeditions against the Kingdom of Italy, while deploying a variety of political strategies that through propaganda offered the promise of modernization in the shape of the concession of a constitution for the Mezzogiorno and the ‘nationalization’ of southern Italy. This propaganda campaign was combined with diplomatic pressures on the European powers. Sicily played a crucial role in these projects and became the principal Mediterranean platform for the attempts to restore the Bourbon monarchy. But although the war of 1866 between Italy and Austria brought these strategies to an end, many of the arguments set out by the Bourbons in exile would later be absorbed into the debates on the ‘Southern Question’.     

Anarchists and national identity: The case of German radicals in the United States and Brazil, 1880–1945

How German were German anarchists in the United States and Brazil? Did the experience of exile and immigration preserve or even heighten a national identity among radicals who openly espoused revolutionary internationalism? Anarchists distinguished between nation and nationality on the one hand, and the state and nationalism on the other. This article examines expressions of nationality by a handful of German anarchist editors and writers from the 1880s to the end of World War II. They wanted to be stateless, but not nationless. This article argues that German exile anarchists in the United States and Brazil expressed a militant, countercultural, antistatist and anticlerical nationality. They were ‘rooted cosmopolitans’: They identified with the international revolutionary tradition and at the same time remained attached to Germany's heritage of radical politics, arts and humanities. There was a remarkable consistency in their commentary levelled against Bismarck, the Kaiser, the Weimar government and the Nazis either in Germany or in the host country. Anarchists advocated for a borderless global federation of free communities and, to that end, rejected nationalism and urged people to stop ‘seeing like a state’ by exposing the false promises and crimes of statism.     

HORSE RACE IN NORTH TIBET

This annual horse race takes place in every township of the north Tibetan grassland,one by one,starting from August 1st. The principal activities are usually a horse race and a blessing by touching the foreheads of people by a Rinpoche.     

Empowering the Local Saharawi People: Training for Rock Art Documentation in Western Sahara (DARSSO Project)

The former Spanish Sahara is the last remaining colony in Africa. Most of the local people have been living in refugee camps in Algeria for the last 40 years and this situation has largely conditioned the archaeological research in the territory for a long time. In spite of the Saharawi Ministry of Culture in exile occasionally collaborating with European academic institutions for the study of its huge archaeological heritage, the training of local archaeologists or initiatives exclusively aimed at targeting the self-management of the Saharawi Archaeology are rarely carried out. This could be due to the difficulties in getting funds for long-term projects in this area, among other factors. However, today’s technological revolution has come to the desert including mobile telephones, televisions, computers and even an incipient Internet connection. At the same time, current digital technology has encouraged the development of new methods of documenting rock paintings, which might be appropriate and more accessible for the Saharawi technicians. This paper discusses the successful and failed aspects, as well as future perspectives, of a training course in rock art documentation intended for empowering local archaeologists who are living in very unfavourable circumstances.     

The Art of Wounded Hope: Forced Migration,Prophecy and Aesth/Ethics

ABSTRACT

This paper constructs an analogy between art and prophecy, exploring and comparing their relationship to political change. It does so through considering arts-based responses to the contemporary forced migration context in conversation with the book of Jeremiah. Recognizing that the artistic – in the case of Jeremiah, the poetic – can be an important means of resistance for those experiencing exile and injustice, this paper delineates two key ways in which visual arts, poetry, music and theater are playing a prophetic role in relation to migration today. First, the arts can generate prophetic revelation, helping people to see more clearly and truthfully the pain and suffering experienced by forced migrants. Second, the arts can enliven prophetic imagination, helping people to visualize creatively how a world-in-migration could be at its best by offering glimpses of oneness and hope. The paper concludes by pointing out some ambiguities involved in engaging with the arts as a means of prophecy.     

Psalm 55 Interpreted in View of its Textual,Metatextual and Intertextual Connections

Psalms 52-55 constitute a cluster of psalms with significant links to one another, to Proverbs, and also to the history of David. Psalms 52 and 55 were both also influenced by motifs from Jer 9. These features point to their having been composed (Ps 52) or edited (Ps 55) with a specific focus in mind. This article attempts to read Psalm 55 on its own, but also within the context of the cluster and in its relationship to Jer 9 as well as David’s history in order to refine our knowledge of the problems, values, hopes and expectations of the Persian period editors who compiled and edited the cluster.     

De facto,displaced, tacit: The sovereign articulations of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile

Based on ethnographic research on exiled Tibetan political institutions and practices in India, this paper investigates sovereignty in exile. The Tibetan Government-in-Exile (TGiE) remains internationally unrecognised and lacks de jure sovereignty over territory in both Tibet and in exile. However, this exiled administration claims legitimacy as the official representative of the Tibetan population, performs a number of state-like functions in relation to its diasporic ‘citizenry’ and attempts to make its voice heard within the international community. Rejecting arguments that such entities should be viewed merely as discrepant forms of political practice, this paper asserts that the state, sovereignty, and territory can be conceptually disentangled, opening up the theoretical possibility of entities other than territorial states claiming sovereignty. In teasing apart and problematising constituent elements of sovereignty, this paper focuses on three aspects of the TGiE's articulations of sovereignty: its claims to and production of legitimacy, authority and de facto sovereignty; its displaced sovereignty and strategies of territorial governance over non-contiguous spaces in exile; and the mediation of its ambiguous relationship with the host state India through practices of tacit sovereignty.     

基层自治：中国民主政治的特点和优势及其路径选择

党的十七大首次把“基层群众自治制度”写进代表大会的报告之中。把“基层群众自治制度”与人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度并列纳入中国特色社会主义政治制度范畴,它表明我国基层民主自治具有在党和政府的主导下坚持正确的方向、关注民生、直接反映民众的利益诉求、注重制度创新与继承的统一、追求与经济社会相适应的最终发展目标的特点和优势。为了最大限度地体现这一特点和优势,必须努力探索实现基层民主自治的最佳路径。     

Symbol and power: the Dalai Lama as a charismatic leader

This article originated in a brief but inspiring analysis by Margaret Nowak. Nowak used Sherry Ortner's concept of ‘summarising symbol’ to imply that, much the same way as the American flag was the epitome of the United States to each and every American, the Dalai Lama encompasses everything Tibetan to the Tibetan people. What does this comparison say about the Dalai Lama? I examine the relationship between symbol, power and charisma with Tenzin Gyatso, the current Dalai Lama, as a case in point. With exile, there has been a shift in the symbolic importance of the Dalai Lama, both as a man and as an institution, from a symbol of Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism to a symbol of the Tibetan cause and, more generally, to a symbol of Buddhism in the world. These changes have given Tenzin Gyatso a new authority in the Tibetan community: he is now the unique and unquestioned leader of the Tibetan cause in the world. I discuss the problems that occur when a symbol is also a man and a leader, as well as the solutions proposed, at a moment when the Tibetan community in exile is experiencing democratisation.     

An exile's hopes: the search for a liberator in Michael Marullus

Abstract

Michael Marullus, fifteenth-century Greek, soldier and Latin poet, lived almost all his life in exile. In his earliest poetry revanchist thoughts directed at his country's Ottoman conquerors are hardly present, and superhuman powers are held responsible for the catastrophe. Later, Byzantine reliance on foreign forces is blamed. With time however and political developments in central and western Europe, a crusade or Türkenzug seemed to become more likely, and Marullus turned to the Habsburg Maximilian I and Charles VIII of France as possible liberators. This paper attempts to describe the poet's developing treatment of the themes of defeat and exile and his response in the last decade of the fifteenth century to the possibility of military action against the Ottomans.     

秦代谪戍岭南商人对中原商业经济意识的传播

秦始皇在南征岭南的过程中,化大量的战国高人和战国商人子孙作为“七科谪“的对象,谪戍至商品经济极度落后的岭南地区;这些商人的到来,不仅使得岭南出现了商人这一新的社会阶层,出现了商业经济的突飞猛进局面;而且也通过他们的商业活动,把中原地区自春秋、战国以来积淀下来的先进的商业经济意识借助岭南“陆事寡而水事众”和“以舟辑为食”的优势,得以在海内外发扬光大,并直接促进了汉初“海上丝绸之路”的萌芽和发展。