Parental migration and the educational enrolment of left-behind children: evidence from rural Ponorogo,Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the effects of parental migration on children’s educational enrolment following the recent reforms in Indonesian educational policy. We find that, in general, parental migration has a positive impact on school enrolment, although this varies by the child’s age and the gender of the migrant parent. Parental migration has an adverse impact on the school enrolment of younger children who are eligible for free education, but a positive impact on older children who are no longer able to access state educational support. The gender of the migrant parent matters, as paternal migration appears to have a more positive impact on children’s educational enrolment than maternal migration. Maternal migration is associated with a reduction of younger children’s likelihood of a being in school, while paternal migration makes no difference to their school enrolment. For older children, maternal migration has a lower positive impact compared to paternal migration. Our qualitative interviews also show mixed findings: some children appreciate their migrant mothers’ migration efforts and are motivated to persevere in continuing education, while others are weighed down by their migrant mothers’ sacrifice and develop a sense of obligation to reduce their financial burdens by leaving education early to enter paid employment.     

Children of migrants in China in the twenty-first century: trends,living arrangements,age-gender structure,and geography

ABSTRACT

Children – including those of migrants – are China’s future. Children of migrants now make up close to 40% of all children in China. This paper analyzes the recent trends from 2000 to 2016 and the major aspects of the children of migrants by distilling data from multiple large national surveys and assessing the very small rural left-behind children (LBC) population figures published by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 2016. The paper also develops a method to estimate the LBC population generated by migrants in each provincial destination between 2010 and 2015, linking up different but related populations (adult migrants, migrant children, and LBC) in the origins and destinations. This broader “origin-destination” framework allows us to pinpoint clearly a major driver of LBC and hence to identify provinces needing the most attention in national and provincial efforts to alleviate the problem of LBC.

Abbreviations: MC: Migrant Children; LBC: Left-Behind Children; MPR: Migration Participation Rate: LBCG: Left-Behind Children Generated     

Salt weathering of sandstone at the Angkor monuments,Cambodia: identification of the origins of salts using sulfur and strontium isotopes

The Angkor monuments in northwestern Cambodia, which are primarily made of sandstone, are suffering from deterioration due to salt weathering. In order to elucidate the sources of the salts and salt weathering process, this paper analyzed bulk chemical compositions and S (sulfur) and Sr (strontium) isotopic ratios for the salts and surrounding environmental materials. At places where bats inhabit the structures, various kinds of sulfate and phosphate salts are formed on the surface of the sandstone. The results of the analysis demonstrate that the S and P (phosphorus) components in the salts are primarily derived from bat guano. Moreover, Ca (calcium), which is the major element in the salts, is suggested to be derived from both bat guano and the sandstone. The isotopic data strongly suggests that bat guano is related to salt weathering. Removal of these animal excrements is essential for future conservation of these monuments. On the other hand, exfoliation of sandstone commonly occurs due to crystallization of calcite (CaCO₃) on platform surfaces of pyramid-type monuments. A large amount of Ca in calcite is suggested to be derived from calcite cement of the building sandstone.     

Fat composition and Nunamiut decision-making: a new look at the marrow and bone grease indices

In his study of marrow procurement, Binford [L.R. Binford, Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology, Academic Press, New York, 1978] stressed the prevalence of oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, over marrow quantity and processing time for explaining Nunamiut selection of caribou bones. He also stressed the importance of oleic acid in selection of bones for grease rendering. Jones and Metcalfe [K.T. Jones, D. Metcalfe, Bare bones archaeology: bone marrow indices and efficiency, Journal of Archaeological Science 15 (1988) 415–423] and Brink [J.W. Brink, Fat content in leg bones of Bison bison, and applications to archaeology, Journal of Archaeological Science 24 (1997) 259–274] disputed the importance of oleic acid in these activities. This debate is reevaluated in this paper.Reexamination of the relationship between quantity of marrow in caribou bones and skeletal parts selected for marrow procurement reveals two linear clusters instead of one. Two linear clusters are also identified in the relationship between bone grease weight and skeletal parts collected for grease rendering. Bones that are selected more often than expected in these correlations are precisely those that are rich in oleic acid. Although the proportions of skeletal parts selected for marrow procurement are strongly correlated with marrow quantity, a stronger correlation was found with quantity of unsaturated fatty acids. The latter variable constitutes the basis of the Unsaturated Marrow Index, a new scale of marrow utility introduced here.     

柬埔寨华人的土地和祖灵信仰——从“关系主义”人类学视角的考察

论文基于田野调查的结果,从人类学家王铭铭先生提出的“关系主义”人类学的视角,考察了柬埔寨华人的社区、家庭和坟地的土地神和祖灵信仰的内涵与功能,分析了柬埔寨土著文化与佛教、印度教和华人信仰等外来文化之间,内外之别、上下等级、差异和关联、延续与变迁这四对关系。认为任何宗教或文化现象都不是封闭地自我生成,而是在与他者的关系中形成。每一种文化总是处在许多其他文化组成的更大范围的场域中,在彼此的参照、混融和冲突过程中形塑自身。     

1957～1965年广东省城乡人口迁移流动状况与特征

广东城乡人口迁移在1957～1960年呈现城市化趋向,在1960～1963年出现逆城市化趋向,在1963～1965年则处于相对停滞状态,这种变化特征是当时全国人口迁移与流动变化的一个缩影,在一定程度上也是当时工农业发展比例失调的必然结果。     

Unearthing an Atlantean myth in Angkor: geoarchaeological investigation of the ‘underwater road’ crossing the Tonle Sap Lake,Cambodia

Of the many myths surrounding the medieval city of Angkor, Cambodia, one of the most obscure but pervasive is the existence of a road built across the Tonle Sap Lake. This road supposedly ran from the Angkorian ‘port’ at Phnom Krom to the temples situated in the Battambang district some 70 km southwest of capital. New geoarchaeological information demonstrates that the ‘road’ is actually a series of localised occurrences of authegenic calcite, which probably formed approximately 5500 years Before Present. Our results demystify this intractable Cambodian legend expand on the dynamic history of this important water body in mainland Southeast Asia.     

清代前中期陕甘地区的人口西迁

清代前中期陕甘地区的人口西迁是在清朝势力不断向西北推进的大背景下产生的,西迁人口主要有官方移民、民间自发移民和绿营兵丁及其眷属三种类型组成,官方组织陕甘人口西迁的主要动力先后经历过三次大的转折,因时而异的移民管理体系为移民的顺利推进提供了坚实的制度保障。至嘉庆末,迁入安西地区的陕甘移民及其后裔约10万人,迁入新疆地区的陕甘移民及其后裔可能接近或超过55万人,其中大约有六成左右的西迁人口不在官方户口统计范围之内。     

从房县七里河诸遗址看史前东夷族的西迁

以房县七里河诸遗址为代表的汉水上游地区新石器时代晚期的原始文化,在物质文化面貌上与黄河中游地区及长江中游地区均有较大的差异,在许多社会习俗方面十分接近大汶口文化。因此该文化应是史前东夷族的一支,经过两次西迁到达今之汉水上游地区。     

The contested rescaling of economic governance in East Asia: a special issue

The special issue this article opens engages with an apparent conundrum that has often puzzled observers of East Asian politics—why, despite the region's considerable economic integration, multilateral economic governance institutions remain largely underdeveloped. The authors argue that this ‘regionalism problématique’ has led to the neglect of prior and more important questions pertaining to how patterns of economic governance, beyond the national scale, are emerging in East Asia and why. In this special issue, the contributors shift analytic focus onto social and political struggles over the scale and instruments of economic governance in East Asia. The contributions identify and explain the emergence of a wide variety of regional modes of economic governance often neglected by the scholarship or erroneously viewed as stepping stones towards ‘deeper’ multilateralism.     

场域理论视角下的国际移民研究——以安徽内陆新侨乡为例

论文介绍了场域理论,并运用场域理论对中国内陆山区新侨乡的国际移民潮进行分析。通过对场域、资本和村民＂习性＂的研究,从外在的社会结构和内在的个体心理结构两方面来考察新移民活动,为新侨乡研究提供一种新的观察解读模式。笔者认为新移民场域内资本的流动和转换是推动国际移民潮出现和变化的关键因素。随着各种资本向内陆山区农村的转移,新侨乡的范围和国际移民的数量将会继续扩大。     

Migration,knowledge production and the humanitarian agenda in times of crisis

By drawing on the Italian case, this article critically discusses the use of crisis as a tool of knowledge and expertise production. In recent years, the theme of crisis has played a key role in shifting migration management towards a humanitarian agenda based on the premise that contemporary migration to Europe is comprised of forced mass movement. The article considers the extent to which migrants’ subjectivities call into question the knowledge that has been produced during the current era. It also reflects on the ways in which gender and race provide fundamental insights for a better understanding of the evolution of migration management within the context of crisis.     

Selling civilization: toward a cultural analysis of America's economic empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

This essay builds on work that is exploring the convergence of economic and cultural approaches to understanding imperialism through an examination of the particular case of American commercial expansion in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Based on my archival research into the promotional and practical strategies of five of the largest American companies that were international in sales, I suggest some of the ways that an analysis of commercial imperial representations of, and knowledges about, race, gender and civilization adds to our understanding of the multiplicity of imperialisms. I argue that examining these multiplicities can help contribute to a critical postcolonial perspective.     

发达国家技术移民政策及其影响——以美国和加拿大为例

在经济全球化背景下,国际人口迁移呈现出明显的特点。其特点之一就是技术移民剧增成为全球化的一个突出现象。技术移民之所以在全球备受青睐,与发达国家制定技术移民政策有密切的关系,美国和加拿大是成功吸引技术移民的国家,两国之所以制定技术移民政策,是为了应对信息革命带来的全球性人才争夺战。同时美、加技术移民政策产生了双重影响。为了遏制人才外流,亚洲国家应采取积极的措施,制定人才强国战略,吸引有用人才尤其是技术人才,在国际人才竞争中取得主动,赢得未来。