THE NEW INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN ASIA

International migration has a long history in Asia but in recent years it has acquired an unprecedented scale and diversity and is a significant influence on the economic, social and demographic development of all Asian nations. International migration is now an established structural feature of the region although many nations still dismiss it as a temporary, passing phenomenon. Asian nations are developing international migration policies but much of this has not been informed by high quality research relating to the causes and effects of migration. The present paper examines each of the major types of international migration influencing contemporary Asia, reviews major developments within them and puts forward relevant policy and research challenges associated with each type of movement. Issues examined include south–north migration, migration and development, the role of diaspora, international labour migration, the feminization of migration, student migration and the increasing role of governments in influencing movement.     

MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES

This paper examines patterns of remittances among migrants from Guizhou province of China. Our research is motivated by three lines of theoretical arguments, namely the new economics of migration, a translocal perspective linking remittances and development, and the culture of remittances. Taking individual, household, and village-level characteristics into account, we estimated multilevel logistic models of the decision to remit and multilevel models of the amount of remittances. Our results show that migrant remittance behaviour is responsive to family needs as well as household economic position in the village. Migrants who come from entrepreneurial households are more likely to remit a large amount than other types of households. We find some evidence of ‘culture of remittances’ in these villages. Consistent with our expectations, migrants who are from villages with higher amounts of average remittances are likely to remit a larger amount than otherwise.     

CIRCULAR MIGRATION AND LIFE COURSE OF FEMALE DOMESTIC WORKERS IN BEIJING

This study examines the migration experiences of 24 female domestic workers in Beijing through in-depth interviews. Most of these women were involved in a circular pattern of movement between their home villages and cities. The pattern of reverse and circular migration was closely related to the life-course transitions of Chinese rural women and their socially-assigned gender roles such as marriage, childbirth, childrearing and caregiving for family members. For individual domestic workers, working in Beijing is a bittersweet experience. The women were subjected to unfavourable work conditions and pervasive forms of exploitation. Nevertheless, they benefited from the experience through increased access to income, knowledge and other resources unavailable in rural areas. Although these women challenged, through migration, the traditional social roles imposed on Chinese rural women, their own limitations and institutional barriers left them with few options for improving their social statuses in cities.     

OLDER-AGE PARENTS IN RURAL CAMBODIA AND MIGRATION OF ADULT CHILDREN

This study examines links between migration status and location of adult children and measures associated with the well-being of older parents. Data come from older adults born between 1940 and 1950 living in a region in northwest Cambodia near the Thai border with good access to Phnom Penh. Analyses are conducted from the perspectives of the older adult and adult children. Results show that high rates of out-migration do not leave their older parents without alternative means of support. Migrant children often remain in contact by telephone. Most adult children remit money to their parents, but the majority of remittances are small. While large remittances are atypical, adult children living in Phnom Penh or across the border in Thailand are more likely to provide substantial amounts. The analysis presents a picture of an area where people are on the move but families still share resources and time with older adults.     

Migration strategies and occupational outcomes of southern Italian graduates

Abstract

The aim of this work is to analyse whether internal migration of graduates is an efficient strategy for addressing scarce occupational opportunities in southern Italy. Analysis of data on the southern graduate population in 2004 shows the rise of a new aspect of social discrimination for recent graduates in the process of transition to the labour market. In fact, the probabilities of adopting different strategies of geographical mobility are not homogeneously distributed, but they change on the basis of available family resources. This differentiation has an impact on labour market outcomes, modifying strategies and ways that lead the transition towards employment.     

HEALTH SELECTION EFFECTS IN CHINA'S INTERNAL MIGRATION

Drawing data from the 2008 survey of Internal Migration and Health in China, we compare various health indicators among current rural-to-urban migrants, rural residents who never migrated, return migrants, and urban citizens. Two health-selective mechanisms, the healthy migrant hypothesis and the salmon bias hypothesis, are empirically tested. Results provide empirical support to both these hypotheses. After controlling for individual's age, sex, socioeconomic status and major health-related behaviours, current rural-to-urban migrants are still better off than rural residents who never migrated regarding their self-rated general health, chronic diseases, self-perceived physical discomfort and lung capacity. Current rural-to-urban migrants are also less likely to have chronic diseases or to report physical discomfort than return migrants. Except for self-reported chronic diseases and abnormally high heart rate, there is no significant difference between rural-to-urban migrants and urban residents regarding the health measures used in this study.     

Highly qualified rural youth: why do young graduates return to their home region?

This paper addresses the motivations underlying migration decision-making in the case of young university graduates returning to their rural home region in Switzerland. Empirical results show the joint role of social ties, living environment, and job opportunities, although the weight given to each of these factors varies between graduates. Some strategies used by the graduates to cope with a limited labour market are furthermore identified. I argue that internal migrations are far from being the sole consequence of labour market conditions and that a greater appreciation of non-economic issues is needed.     

THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON MOBILITY OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS IN THAILAND

The effect of initial migration of a household member on the subsequent migration of other household members is investigated. Previous research has documented the strong impact of migration experience in predicting future migration. This article builds on this experience by adopting a social network approach to explain the association between an initial migration from a household and the subsequent migration of other household members. Differentials in socio-economic characteristics of subsequent migrants and factors associated with the encouragement of subsequent migration by initial migrants are analysed. Longitudinal data from the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System, which allow for accurate modelling of the flow and pattern of subsequent migration, and which help to highlight the importance of household social networks on the migration decisions of left-behind household members, are used. The results indicate that the number of male and female initial migrants in the household, duration of initial migration, relationship to initial migrant, and number of migrants in the village are factors most likely to predict a subsequent move.     

黄河沿岸人地关系与发展

文明的产生与扩散是人地相互作用的反映,不同的文明与不同的地理环境密切相关,不同发展阶段的文明又反映了不同类别的地理要素的组合及其共同作用。产生古文明的区域,在新的发展阶段由于地理环境优势的变化,又面临着严峻的发展挑战。本文分析了黄河文明的起源、扩散与地理环境的关系,黄河特殊的"曲流"形式以及中国特殊的地形阶梯及气候带与晋商的形成,黄河沿岸东西、南北经济的相互作用及其现代发展滞后的地理因素的影响,得出了一些新的观点。在此观点的基础上,本文认为黄河沿岸的现代发展应该考虑:由河流治理为主转变为发展为主,重新认识黄河流域特殊的地理要素和社会文化要素的优势,充分利用黄河沿岸的上下互动、两岸腹地的左右互动,系统地考虑和反思黄河对国家和沿岸地区发展的综合作用,综合谋划黄河沿岸地区的发展。     

SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF TEMPORARY LABOUR MIGRATION IN INDIA

Temporary labour migration has rarely been studied at macro level despite its high prevalence in India. Drawing from the recently available Indian National Sample Survey (2007–08), this paper aims to study the basic differentials between temporary and permanent labour migration at the national level and examines the socioeconomic determinants of temporary labour migration at the state level. The study shows that temporary migration is seven times larger than permanent migration, and is largely a rural phenomenon dominated by rural to urban migration. A regional pattern in temporary labour migration is evident in the low-income Central and North Indian states. Low economic, educational and social status significantly induces temporary labour migration in contrast to permanent labour migration. As such, temporary labour migration appears to be a survival strategy of the rural poor in India.     

东北地区殖民遗迹旅游开发探析

我国东北地区由于在近代饱受日俄帝国主义侵略,所以遗留了很多的殖民遗迹.但是,由于它们都在某种程度上象征着我们民族的耻辱历史,所以一直没有进行有效的旅游开发.本文首先从6个方面论述了东北地区殖民遗迹旅游开发的理由;然后,又论述了东北地区殖民遗迹旅游开发的潜力、现状以及空间分布;第三部分,提出了3种殖民遗迹旅游开发的模式和3条主体线路;最后得出结论:可以通过开发正创意的活动来开发东北地区殖民遗迹这些负遗产.     

企业合作在我国区域发展中的作用

改革开放以来,随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立和完善,我国区域发展取得很大成就。但区域发展差异也不断加大,这在一定程度上违背了区域发展的公平性原则。为了实现区域协调发展和全国共同繁荣,我国开始实施均衡发展战略,希望通过加强东西部之间的区域合作来推动欠发达地区的经济发展,在市场经济体制下,企业成为区域经济活动的主体,区域合作主要通过企业合作来完成。本分析了企业合作形成的动因,并总结出四种不同的企业合作模式,认为企业合作对于地区创新网络形成、区域产业结构转移、区域投资扩散和缩小区域发展差异具有重要意义。     

西北干旱区城市建设与可持续发展

概述了西北干旱区城市发展现状,系统地分析了其城市可持续发展面临的主要问题,进而提出了西北地区城市可持续发展的设想及其对策,为缩小我国东西部发展差距提供了科学的决策依据     

SOCIAL CAPITAL AND WORK AMONG RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRANTS IN CHINA

This research provides a fine-grained analysis of the link between social capital and work-related outcomes among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Using data from the Shanghai Rural-to-Urban Migrant Worker Survey, the authors examine various kinds of social networks, the types of social capital they produce and their effects on migrant workers. While kinship networks and pre-existing social capital tend to provide migrants with job security and stability, they are negatively associated with migrants’ earnings and work satisfaction. By contrast, newly established friendship networks with local urbanites indicate new forms of social capital from the destination city, which are positively associated with higher satisfaction with income and work environment, and a higher likelihood of landing a permanent job.     

制度变迁与中国城市的发展及空间结构的历史演变

我国的城市发展水平同经济发展水平的偏离,说明对城市发展及其空间结构演变分析不能仅局限在物质经济领域,需要我们寻求影响城市发展及其空间结构变化的新因素一制度因素,把制度作为影响城市发展及其空间结构的一个主要的变量,来对此加以解释。为此,本首先构建了“制度变迁一城市发展变化”的理论框架,然后用该理论从宏观和微观两个方面来检验1949-1998年间制度变迁对城市发展及其空间结构的影响。与西方国家的以市场经济为主要动力驱动型的城市发展模式不同,中国城市的发展及其空间结构的演变在很大程度上是制度变迁而诱致的结果。但不同的制度对城市数量增长、组织体系及空间布局和对城市空间结构演变的作用力度又不尽相同。改革开放后,由于制度变迁带来的激励作用,中国城市获得了快速发展,城市空间结构快速变化。但与此同时,中国城市化的发展水平与相同发展条件下的世界城市化水平的差距却在拉大。而且随着市场经济体制的逐步完善,影响城市增长及空间结构的演变力量的因素越来越趋于分散化,制度变迁对城市发展所带来的激励作用正在弱化。为适应新世纪我国城市发展的战略目标,需要进行体制创新,为中国城市的发展及其空间结构的演变提供新的制度支持。     

西方行为地理学的研究历程及最新进展

西方行为地理学诞生于地理学的计量革命浪潮,从个人行为角度理解地理空间及其形成,前后经历了发展、衰退与复兴的历程。近十多年,随着与心理学、GIS、时间地理学等的密切结合,西方行为地理学迎来了全新的阶段,其研究重点转向甘常生活中的行为与环境的互动关系,并在认知和决策两大领域生产了丰硕的研究成果。本文梳理1960年代以来欧美国家行为地理学的研究历程,揭示当前时代背景下的最新研究趋向与特色,以期对我国行为地理学研究给予启示。     

连云港市的港-城协调发展模式演化及影响要素

港口与城市之间的协调发展是实现港城互动、提升港口城市竞争力的重要途径。以连云港市1989—2009年统计数据为基础,构建了港口与城市协调发展的综合评价指标体系,运用因子分析方法计算出两系统综合发展指数;结合协调度、静态和动态协调发展度,对连云港港口与城市的协调发展模式的演化轨迹进行评价和分析。结果表明:①1989—2009年,连云港市港—城协调发展模式总体上经历了濒临失调模式到勉强协调模式再到基本协调模式的演化过程;②港口与城市基本处在协调发展的轨迹上,动态协调发展度呈逐渐增长的态势。进一步分析认为协调发展模式的演化主要由港口功能的升级、临港产业的壮大、城市发展的支撑等推动以及自然环境和区位因子、腹地的经济水平、周边港口的空间袭夺、港城关系的空间分离等约束要素共同作用。     

中国互联网发展的地域结构研究

本文通过对我国近年来CN下注册的域名、WWW站点及互联网用户三要素变化的分析 ,表明我国互联网的发展的地域差异巨大。首先 ,东部沿海地带省份发展水平远远高于中西部地带 ,呈东、中、西三带递减规律。其次 ,互联网在我国的发展主要集中在城市 ,特别是大、中城市 ,广大的农村地域基本属于待发展区。再次 ,在东、中、西三带内部存在次级分异。此外 ,在城市之间也存在次级差异 ,呈超大城市向小城镇递减规律。最后 ,作者从经济、科技、社会发展水平等角度初步探讨了差异形成的原因