国民党走向皖南事变之经过

抗战爆发后的国共两党关系,曾经有过一段“蜜月期”。但不到两年时间,两党关系就不期然地走向了紧张,1941年1月更爆发了震惊中外的皖南事变,使国共两党几乎走向全面破裂。皖南事变的爆发,有着相当复杂的背景。而国民党人以正统自居盲目自大和坚持一党独裁的心态,难以适应共产党人独立自主和必欲发展壮大自身力量的政策。无疑是一个极为重要的原因。只是,在抗战的特殊环境下,国民党要想重新拾起军事“剿共”的办法来防止共产党的壮大,也并非易事。因此。皖南事变的发生。在很大程度上又不能不带有相当的偶然性。     

Anti-ism thinkers: The post-May Fourth schism in political thought

Abstract

This article is a continuation of “Advent of the Age of Isms,” which primarily discusses a period teeming with various “isms” (主義 zhuyi). During this time, there were in fact a number of figures who held overtly or covertly opposing attitudes, in both cases giving rise to a phenomenon of fragmentation and asystematicness. Whether consisting of negative responses to the new political theory of “isms,” this “remedy for all ills,” or of piecemeal, asystematic criticism, the phenomenon itself served as a foil to the colossal intellectual forces of the Age of “Ismization.” This article offers a preliminary discussion of this phenomenon.     

QINGHAI-TIBET HIGHWAY:The Way to Maintenance

Chinaworkedawonderintheeary1950sbybuildingtheQinghai-TibetHighwaywhichextendsinQinghaitoLhasainTibet.ItispartoftheNationalHighwayNo.lo9whichlinksLhasawithBeijing.TheQinghai-TibetHighwaywaspavedwithasphaltin1985andlaterunderwentfirst-phaserenovahon.TheCent…     

Theorizing Presidential Tenure: The Difficult Case of FDR's Fourth Term

This article examines Franklin Delano Roosevelt's pursuit of a fourth term in 1944, despite the significant erosion of his physical health beginning in late 1943. Not only did Roosevelt pursue a fourth term against long odds that he would not survive it, but he put little effort into the selection and policy education of Vice President Truman. This pursuit of a fourth term is critical to debates over presidential tenure, and particularly evaluations of the 22nd Amendment, which since 1951 has limited presidents to two terms. It is a "difficult case," however, because despite obvious miscalculations on the part of FDR and his advisors in 1944– which reinforce arguments of term limits proponents–a two term limit would have prevented a third term for Roosevelt as well, thereby depriving the nation of his experienced leadership in a time of war, especially in the crucial early years of the war. The article concludes by supporting the existing two term limitation which, despite its faults, effectively addresses problems of long presidential tenure while also providing periodic renewals of leadership.     

《五四运动在日本》读后

五四运动时期,有大量的中国留日学生在日本参与了运动,扮演了重要角色。这方面的研究,虽在中日两国屡有论著问世,但尚未搞清的问题仍多。可喜的是,日本花园大学名誉教授小野信尔的新著《五四运动在日本》(汲古书院2003年版),在填补空白和澄     

Constantine and the Bishop: The Roman Church in the Early Fourth Century

When Constantine first entered Rome after his defeat of Maxentius in October 312, he encountered a rich and complex Christian community and a bishop whose position was precarious. Centuries of growth and a long religious peace had resulted in the development of a large number of locally based communities in Rome with their own centres of worship - the tituli. Constantine needed to convince these communities of his bona fides as a Christian emperor. The bishop of Rome, Miltiades, was the ruler of a relatively newly unified see, recently fractured by persecution and controversy. Miltiades' relative weakness was to Constantine's political advantage, especially since it made him eager to receive the vast ocean of generosity which Constantine began to pour into the Roman Church. The particular and immediate beneficiary of this generosity was the bishop, who gained a vast and lavishly appointed cathedral, and a palace to go with it.     

生活方式:历史研究的深处——评李长莉著《中国人的生活方式:从传统到近代》

马克思指出:"现代历史著述方面的一切真正进步,都是当历史学家从政治形式的外表深人到社会生活的深处时才取得的."①马克思的这句话,让我们想到几个问题.其一,在马克思讲这番话之前,历史研究基本是在政治史范式下进行的,历史为政治服务,是政治的附庸和工具,历史体现着一种资政的功能.