汉代铸钱夹砂陶背范的分析研究

与汉代铸钱相关的遗物中,铸钱夹砂陶背范出土数量最多,是由泥质面层与夹砂背层组成。为了揭示铸钱夹砂陶背范的制作工艺并探讨陶范多次使用的可能性及夹砂层的作用,对陕西西安窝头寨汉代铸钱遗址出土的铸钱夹砂陶背范进行分析研究。结果表明,泥质面层采用细泥料制作,其作用是保证所铸造的金属钱币具有优良的表面质量;夹砂背层是在制范泥料中掺杂了较多的肉眼可见的砂砾,其作用是提高陶范的机械性能,减小陶范受热后的变形,有利于它与金属范合范铸钱。铸钱夹砂陶背范的制作过程是:先制作夹砂层,然后在夹砂层上制作细泥层,在细泥层上印制钱币的背郭型腔,与金属范组成铸型铸造钱币。证实夹砂层可以重复使用,当泥质面层损坏后可以除掉表面的细泥层或直接在原型腔面上另加一层细泥重新制作背郭型腔,再次进行钱币的铸造,夹砂层可以一直使用到被损坏为止,从而极大地提高了铸钱效率。     

济南运署街汉代铁工场遗址的相关问题探讨

为探讨济南运署街汉代铁工场遗址的性质和冶炼技术,应用X-射线荧光、X-射线衍射、热膨胀测温等方法,对遗址出土的部分遗物进行了相关分析。结合出土实物和测试结果,可以推断运署街遗址是汉代一处兼有冶炼和铸造的铁作坊。陶范、耐火砖、铁渣及矿石原料等冶铸遗物的分析指出,当时的矿石分选、加工、冶炼、铸造技术已经十分成熟,在一定程度上反映了汉代冶铁业的工艺水平。     

郑韩故城铸铁陶范表面处理技术分析

河南郑韩故城仓城铸铁遗址是一处战国时期韩国铸铁作坊,遗址内出土了大量的铸铁陶范,表面可见有黑色和红色薄层。本文对遗址出土陶范胎体及表面层进行了系统分析。结果表明,红色表面层的显色成分为赤铁矿,黑色表面层的显色成分为炭黑,且黑色层叠压于红色层之上。两种颜色表面层的使用,均有助于减少粘砂,利于脱模,有效提升铸件的质量。在冶铸遗址内还发现有一件涂料缸,器内残留的红色涂料与陶范表面红色层相近,表明红色表面层可能是工匠有意涂抹所致。     

渑池县发现的古代窖藏铁器

1974年4月,渑池火车站在站南扩建路面,发现一个古代铁器窖藏,河南省博物馆协同渑池县文化馆进行了现场调查,共出土六十多种器形的四千多件窖藏铁器,总重达三千五百公斤。调查时,根据窖藏内出有烧结铁和炼渣等现象,推测附近可能曾有铸造铁器的古代作坊。经过钻探,在窖藏南部果然发现一处铸铁作坊遗址。作坊遗址位于渑池火车站东南250米,     

铜器与陶范讲了什么

<正>二里头遗址出土了大量铜器,种类包括兵器、工具、容器以及无法确知用途的铜器、铜块、铜片等,还发现了目前中国最早的铸铜作坊、一批与冶铸有关的遗迹,获得大量冶铸遗物,包括陶范、石范、熔炉碎片、铜渣、铜矿石、木炭、小件铜器。经过学者们多年的努力,对二里头铜器的制作技术和生产的研究已经取得许多重要成果,但是,仍旧存在许多难题,比如矿料来源、冶炼技     

二里头遗址铸铜技术研究

目次一二里头遗址出土青铜器的技术特征及铸造工艺二二里头遗址出土陶范考察三二里头遗址出土浇勺考察四二里头遗址铸铜技术初论二里头遗址是先秦时期的重要文化遗存。在二里头遗址中发现了迄今为止中国最早的铸铜作坊遗址(图一)。铸铜遗物在第三、四、五区都有发现,铸铜作坊遗址主要位于四区,总面积在10000平方米以上,已清理出二至四期的铸造工场遗址,其周围遗留不少陶范、坩埚、炉壁、铜渣、木炭,及一些小件铜器、少量大件铜器〔1〕。青铜器是二里头遗址出土的主要遗物之一,有礼器、工具、兵器     

内蒙宁城县黑城出土制莽钱陶范作坊遗址

内蒙宁城县黑城出土制莽钱陶范作坊遗址安丽,赵爱军１９７６年,赤峰宁城县汉代古城黑城发掘一处新莽钱制作陶范的作坊遗址。钱范作坊北距黑城南墙１１６米,遗址南端有大量汉陶片等,中部有一座烘干陶范的窑址。在距地表０．３米处有并列四条南北向砖砌火道,火道呈斜坡状。窑底铺砖和耐火材料。火道南北端各设两个火膛,烟囱设在窑中部。窑床上放“Ｔ”形支架,上置成叠待烧泥范。在窑址内共出土完整与残缺的大泉五十陶范４９７块,小泉直一陶范５２２块。陶范均为夹沙红陶,下层较厚、沙质较粗,上层薄,沙质较细。陶范分布在几个探方中：靠近窑址的探方４出土小泉直一母范,探方７出的为未入窑焙烧的大泉五十母范,探方１－３内出土大泉五十、小泉直一母范。这类母范表面有层灰白硬光面,占总数的９０％以上。在出土母范中,有１１０余件带纪年铭文。铭文在范上部浇口处,为两行竖写阳文隶书反书文字。右为“后钟官工造世”或“前钟官工良造第世”,左为“始建国元年三月”。从窑室结构和出土陶范、冶炼工具看,当时制范工艺水平较高,范面钱型布局有所改进,范面扩大并添置了型腔。经复原,大泉五十范有钱模６４枚,小泉直一范达１５０枚。（《内蒙古金融研究·钱币专刊》１９９３．１）内蒙宁城     

河北省易县燕下都战国陶范的分析研究

通过对河北省易县燕下都战国遗址出土陶范的宏观、微观观察及对化学成分、含泥量、粒度、耐火度、热膨胀系数等物化性能的测试,发现该组陶范具有良好的可雕性、可塑性、复印性、干强度、热稳定性、足够的耐火度和低的线膨胀率。制范工艺过程中根据各陶范对耐火度和结构强度的需要已应用了粒度分级手段以及练泥和陈腐工序,浇注前陶范经过高温烘焙,对使用性能要求较高的陶范的面层与背层采用了不同粒度的结构。分析认为燕下都陶范可以用于生产形状复杂尺寸较大的铜铸件或铁铸件。     

从古荥遗址看汉代生铁冶炼技术

河南省郑州市博物馆在古荥镇发掘的一处大面积汉代冶铁遗址中,出土了两座炼铁炉基,附近有大量炼渣和矿石堆积区,还出土了大量完整的陶范、铁器以及与冶铸有关的遗迹和遗物。尤其是从炉前坑中清理出的几块巨大铁块,对认识当时的冶炼技术具有重要价值。我国早在春秋末叶即距今两千五百年就能冶铸生铁,到西汉时期冶铸技术巳发展到较高的水平,生铁铸件获得了广泛应用。这次古荥遗址发掘的成果,使我们对汉     

河南鲁山望城岗冶铁遗址2018年度调查发掘简报

鲁山县望城岗冶铁遗址可分为东、西两个区域,是一处典型的集冶炼和铸造为一体的大型综合性冶铁作坊,和当时的大型铁官具有密切关系。冶铸活动主要集中于两汉时期,遗址至迟在唐代已被大面积破坏。冶炼用的燃料是优质的栎木炭,并以白云石作为助熔剂,铸模表面以滑石粉作为涂料层。通过对泥模的烧成温度进行测试,在烘模工序方面也有新的认识。     

萧梁钱范的残留物初步研究

为弄清镇江出土的萧梁钱范是铸造铜钱还是铁钱,或是两者兼铸。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的X射线能谱仪(EDS),分析了出土的萧梁公式女钱范的残留物。钱范ZJ1的正、反面和胎的点扫描和面扫描分析结果表明,其应为铸造铜钱之范。而钱范ZJ2剖面的线扫描分析指出,其铜含量从正、反表面向胎的内部呈现明显的梯度分布,从而进一步验证了这些钱范铸造的是铜钱,而不是铁钱。     

Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period

Piece mould casting technology, as a hall mark of the central plains of China during the Bronze Age, has attracted scholars' interest globally. Bronze ritual vessels found in this area were produced in large quantities and generally cast with the moulds composed of three or more sections. This enormous industry certainly required workers to have had professional knowledge to ensure the success of every single cast. Mould making technology was one of its most important parts. This research looks into the microstructure of bronze casting moulds of the Eastern Zhou period, which was a rarely studied topic in previous research. Through comparison with local pottery, it is shown that casting moulds in this period were produced with quite specialized sand-rich material, and clay was only a minor component. It is then discussed how this unique material can be beneficial to the bronze casting process and how this technology was integrated as a crucial part of the Chinese bronze casting system. These analyses might be able to portray mould makers in the ancient bronze foundries as a group of specialized people with their own traditions and professional knowledge.     

Beeswax remnants,phase and major element chemical composition of the bronze age mould from Gaj Oławski (SW Poland)

The recently found metal casting mould from Gaj O?awski (SW Poland) was designed for the production of socketed axes typical for later stages of the Bronze Age in Poland (ca. 1100–900 bc). This unique artefact is a half of a durable, two-piece wedge-shaped mould and measures 17.5?×?7.2?×?4.0 cm. The surface of the mould is covered copper oxides and carbonates, and the remnant of beeswax was found on its inner surface. The metal forming mould consists of cored dendrites of Cu-dominated (Cu >96.5 wt%, up to 2.2 wt% Sn) and Cu impoverished (Cu ~86.0 wt%, Sn ~9.4 wt%, some Sb, As and Ag) end compositions and volumetrically subordinate α?+?δ eutectoid. The “as cast” structure of the metal shows that the mould was never used for molten metal casting. Since this kind of moulds was used for mass casting of metal, the Gaj O?awski one was probably never used, and the beeswax is the remain of its coating. This is the first remain of the Bronze Age beeswax described in metallurgical context in Europe.     

上海青龙镇遗址出土瓷片的微纳米气泡清洗研究

表面坚硬附着物的清洗是出土瓷器保护的技术难点,现有的机械清洗、化学清洗、超声波清洗、蒸汽清洗等方法均存在技术局限性。对上海青龙镇遗址出土瓷片开展了微纳米气泡清洗研究,科学评价该技术的安全性能和清洗效果。使用色差分析、光泽度分析、釉面显微分析、裂缝显微测量等方法,对青龙镇出土瓷片及仿烧瓷片样品进行检测评估,验证了微纳米气泡清洗技术的安全性。开展微纳米气泡清洗、超声波清洗、蒸汽清洗3种物理方法的效果比对试验,综合评估其在清洗出土瓷片的表面附着物、缝隙污染物、断面污染物和金属侵蚀上的效果,验证了微纳米气泡清洗技术的有效性。     

NORTH SYRIAN METALWORKERS IN ARCHAIC GREEK SETTLEMENTS?

Summary The Syrian origin of a casting mould for jewellery found at Al Mina leads to a discussion of similar moulds of the same origin, including examples from East Greek sites, and of the jewellery types produced. The presence of Syrian craftsman adds force to arguments for the importance of Syrian products and workmanship in Greek orientalising art.     

The Early History of Abingdon,Berkshire, and its Abbey

IN THE LAST decade knowledge of Salin's Style I Ornament in East Scandinavia has increased through the studies of Erä-Esko and through the remarkable finds at a workshop site at Helgö in Uppland. A characteristic feature of East Scandinavian Style I is the frequent use of small ornamental fields bordered by high ridges. In this article it is suggested that the ridges served to canalize the heat of the melted bronze during casting, and so prevent the mould from cracking. This was specially important in East Scandinavia where high-tempered bronze seems chiefly to have been used. That the fragility of the moulds was a real problem is hinted at by the relative numbers found at Helgö. The majority are for casting relief-brooches—which are comparatively rarely found cast. There are fewer moulds for the more frequently found cast bronzes, such as clasp-buttons; because the moulds for these were smaller, they were probably less prone, to damage during casting.

Because of the small size of their ornamental fields and the extensive corrosion which characterizes the bronzes found in East Scandinavia the ornament has often been misunderstood and described as highly degenerate. Through the systematic work of Erä-Esko we now know that East Scandinavian Style I was highly developed and deliberate. The rich finds from Helgö when fully interpreted will probably emphasize further the international character of this style. This appears of greater importance when it is realized that the style seems to have flourished at a time immediately preceding the Vendel period, which is specially rich in East Scandinavia.     

近代朝鲜华侨制造业研究——以铸造业为中心

以朝鲜殖民地时期华侨制造业中最具代表性的铸造业作为研究对象,对华侨铸造工厂诞生的背景、同乡网络及其生产体制进行了阐述;分析了华侨制造业在朝鲜烧锅制造领域里取得垄断性地位的原因,一是华侨铸造工厂里中国劳动者较低的工资及技术开发的进行;二是全国的华侨铸造工厂形成了以河北省交河县为中心的同乡网络并进行协力合作。中日战争爆发后,日本政府谋求战时经济的强化,朝鲜总督府也加强了战时统治经济,生铁原料的配给发生困难,华侨铸造工厂因而纷纷倒闭,走向衰退。     

萧梁钱币铸造工艺模拟实验

中国古代的铸钱工艺从先秦至六朝皆系范铸工艺,隋唐以后采用砂型铸钱并一直沿用至清代末年。在这两种工艺之中应当有一个技术过渡期,从目前田野考古发现的铸钱遗址看,这个过渡期应在六朝。对于批量铸钱而言,范铸法铸钱技术最高形式即为叠式浇铸,而叠铸技术水平最高者,莫过于萧梁时期的双面纹叠铸范,它不仅以省工省料见长,并且一套范一次浇铸的钱数可达到500枚左右,这是汉代叠铸钱工艺无法实现的。本工作通过模拟实验验证了萧梁时期的无榫卯双面纹叠铸钱工艺的可操作性,力图阐明六朝萧梁时期铸钱工艺中制模制范技术的先进性,以及与汉代传统叠铸钱工艺的技术比较。     

东周青铜复合剑制作技术研究

东周时期,吴越出现了一种奇特的青铜复合剑,剑的中脊和两刃是用两种不同成分的青铜铸接而成。为充分了解青铜复合剑的制作,对上海博物馆馆藏的4把青铜复合剑残剑进行了分析,通过X-射线荧光能谱仪分析残剑的剑刃和剑脊的成分,金相显微镜分析剑刃和剑脊的组织,发现中国古代工匠采用低锡青铜制作韧性好的剑脊,高锡青铜制作强度和硬度高的剑从,通过榫卯结构以铸接法将剑脊与剑从结合成一体,得到刚柔兼具的青铜复合剑。在测试分析的基础上进行模拟实验,先以陶范铸造法铸造出两侧带榫头的青铜剑脊,剑脊的成分采用88％铜、10％锡、2％铅的低锡青铜;然后将青铜剑脊置入铸造剑从的陶范内,两侧的榫头伸入陶范型腔中,剑从的成分采用78％铜、20％锡、2％铅的高锡青铜,当剑从凝固时产生的收缩使剑脊和剑从牢固地结合成整体,再分1次或多次以铸接法铸上剑格、剑茎、剑箍和剑首,成功地复制了青铜复合剑,再现了东周时期青铜复合剑的制作工艺。