古代皮革劣化机理的研究

为探究古代皮革的劣化机理,以现代皮革和人工老化皮革作为古代皮革的参考样品,采用热重-傅里叶变换红外光谱(TG-FTIR)、热裂解气相色谱-质谱(Py-GC/MS)联用技术对皮革的热降解过程及其分解产物进行分析。结果表明,古代皮革与现代皮革的热降解过程类似,可分为两个阶段,第一阶段以水的挥发为主,第二阶段以胶原蛋白的热分解为主,主要发生氨基酸的脱水、脱羧、脱氨、脱氢、侧链断裂等化学反应,分解产物有水、二氧化碳、氨气、二酮哌嗪类化合物、异氰酸、氢氰酸、吡咯、甲烷等。此外,古代皮革中胶原蛋白、单宁以及脂类物质相对百分含量较现代皮革大幅降低,表明这些物质的降解或流失导致了古代皮革劣化的发生。TG-FTIR和Py-GC/MS联用技术是研究古代皮革劣化机理的有力手段,可用于量化评估古代皮革劣化程度。     

新疆五堡墓地出土干燥皮革文物的劣变与保护

皮革很容易劣化腐变,因此我国出土皮革文物数量很少。新疆、甘肃等北方地区出土的一些皮革文物,是研究古代人们生产生活的重要实物资料。为此,本研究探讨了出土干燥皮革文物发掘前和发掘后的劣变因素,并以新疆五堡墓地出土皮革文物的保护修复过程作为实例,对出土干燥皮革的保护方法和过程进行了阐述。在显微镜观察评估病害基础上,对皮革文物采取杀虫、加湿整形等处理。结果表明:干燥皮革劣变的内因主要是皮革本身的组成结构和鞣制方法,外因则主要是皮革出土前所处的土壤埋藏环境和出土后的大气保存环境,保护处理后的皮革恢复形状,可满足展览要求。本研究结果可为出土干燥皮革文物的保护研究提供参考。     

山东沂源出土战国皮革文物的材质鉴别

山东沂源发掘的一座战国晚期墓葬,保存完好,随葬品丰厚。其中有皮革制品,这在北方考古发掘中十分罕见。对出土皮革文物的研究,为研究北方地区战国时期的皮革制品提供了重要的实物依据。因此,本研究利用衰减全反射—傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对战国皮革文物材质进行了分析鉴别,初步判定沂源出土战国皮囊为羊皮革制品。研究结果对皮革文物材质的科学鉴别提供了借鉴,为科学、有效保护奠定了基础。     

现代仪器分析技术在漆膜研究中应用现状

运用现代仪器分析,通过对古代漆膜组成和结构的研究,揭示古代漆器的髹漆工艺特点,为漆器文物鉴定、保护、修复与复制提供依据。研究古代漆膜组成物质在劣化过程的变化情况,是漆膜保护材料和技术研究的重要依据。文章介绍了现代仪器分析在古代漆膜研究中的应用情况。     

在显微热稳定性测量中的图像定量分析

出于对文物处理和保存的需要,科学家们在测定皮肤、兽皮、皮革材料保存状况方面不断努力。现在他们使用一个功能强大的新工具来量化文物的劣化程度和记录其结构性变化。最近开发出的图像定量分析技术从根本上提高了显微收缩温度测量的准确度和精密度（这是加拿大保护研究所（CCI）于1990年引入文物保护领域的一种方法）。过去的方法是测量从皮肤或皮革中提取的微量胶原纤维的分子热稳定性。     

矿化溶液浸泡-气体扩散法加固骨质文物

本研究探讨了以钙源、磷酸盐源、胶原蛋白矿化溶液浸泡—气体扩散多循环法加固古代骨骼材料的工艺方法，并利用超景深显微镜、傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和色度分析法、抗压强度试验等方法研究了保护效果。结果表明，利用该工艺处理后的生物磷灰石骨骼具有加固材料成分和骨质本体一致，原位合成且深入到骨质内部等特点，克服了有机聚合物及其他矿物材料简单物理充填的一些弊端，且处理过程简单、效率高、外观改变小，能满足对脆弱骨质文物、人骨及其他动物骨骼的加固保护需求。     

内蒙古地区皮质文物种类、组成和物化特性的研究

为研究皮质文物鞣制工艺与其组成及物化特性之间的关系,对内蒙古地区皮质文物的种类进行调查、归类。利用扫描电镜、能谱分析等手段对皮质样品的组成及相应的物化特性进行深入的分析研究。结果表明,皮革文物的组成和制作工艺有一定的联系:古代技术鞣制的皮革较现代工艺鞣制的皮革含有较多的四氯化碳提取物和较少的灰分,而现代鞣制皮革含有铬元素,这是现代鞣制的特征。两种皮革样品中都含有食盐,是用来做防腐剂的。     

红外光谱在传统年画红蓝色料分析中的应用研究

年画是中国特有的民间艺术形式。本研究介绍了传统年画印制所用红蓝色料的发展历史,选取15种中国古代与近现代常用红蓝色料进行红外光谱分析,并归纳总结了标准样品的化学结构与红外谱图特征。在此基础上,利用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对三幅清末民初时期的传统年画开展无损检测。结果显示三幅年画的红蓝色料均为合成颜料或染料,包括酸性大红G、酸性墨水蓝G、普鲁士蓝等。本研究扩展了红外光谱在书画文物分析检测中的应用范围,为传统年画色料的无损鉴定提供科学依据。     

文物岩石材料劣化形态分类研究及应用

为了弥补我国在文物岩石材料劣化形态分类研究的空白,本工作系统地研究了目前国际上文物岩石材料劣化勘察领域关于劣化形态分类的主要研究成果,在此基础上,通过对我国二十余处石质文物的调查和实践提出了一个既与国际研究成果接轨又与中国实际情况相结合的三级分类结构。该研究成果可为中国石质文物保护技术人员的工程实践提供参考。     

皮影原皮老化行为的实验室评估

通过传统“净皮”工艺得到的皮影原皮,具有质地硬、不易弯折、透光性好、亲水性基团多等特点,不同于蓬松柔软的普通皮革。特殊的工艺过程,使皮影具有特殊的材料性质。但是皮影类文物保护尚未受到学界较多关注,多数研究甚至误将皮影类文物所用皮料等同于其他普通鞣制皮革,忽略其特殊的物质材料基础。因此,本研究将皮影原皮作为标准样品,实施控制变量的样品人工加速老化,结合显微观察、性能测试和红外光谱分析进行评估,探究环境因子在皮质劣化过程中的具体作用偏好。其创新点有二:第一是提出一种适宜于皮影皮质老化、劣化程度的标准量化评估方法——该法取样量少、操作便捷、成本低廉,结果令人满意；第二是基于本评估方法的原皮皮质评估实践,证明即便没有鞣制效应作用,仅经过机械制皮过程,皮质仍具有相当的化学稳定性。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.