清代江南棉布字号探析

清代江南棉布字号主要从事棉布收购、委托染踹加工和大宗批销布匹 ,是一种较大规模的商业资本。字号的经营者绝大部分是徽州商人 ,通常经营十数年乃至数十年 ,个别长达百来年。单个字号的规模资本银一般在 3万两上下。字号之间存在着激烈的市场竞争和冒牌等不正当竞争。字号收购布匹在各个环节都有相应的一整套标准。外发布匹踹光是字号布匹的基本加工方式 ,字号不直接经营踹坊 ,兼营染坊也不普遍。字号经营并不同时存在长期以来论者所说的直接设立踹局踹布和委托踹坊加工生产两种方式。     

明清时代的徽商与江南棉布业

明代中期起,徽州棉布商人在江南地区极为活跃,在地域棉布商中势力最为雄厚,并在江南市镇的成长发展过程中发挥了重要作用,也直接影响着江南的棉布业生产。清前期集中到苏州一城的棉布加工字号几乎全由徽州布商开设。徽商布店字号并不直接开设加工作坊踹坊,而是通过出庄收布、委托加工、长途贩运等形式形成相当完整的商品经营链。     

日本加紧谋求安理会常任理事国的动因

冷战结束以后,日本不仅正式地提出了充当联合国安理会常任理事国的申请,而且大大地加强了谋求的力度,从舆论宣传到实际运做,从积累“实绩”到争取选票,无所不用其极,摆出了志在必得、不达目的决不罢休的架势。其主要原因在于,以冷战结束为突出标志,国际社会发生了深刻的变化,日本谋求安理会常任理事国获得了前所未有的主、客观条件：日本的国际政治空间有了显著拓展;日本的政治大国战略目标更加明确;日本在国际事务中积累了可观的“实绩”;国际社会对日本的“理解”和“支持”明显增加;联合国改革问题被提上了日程;国家利益推动了更高的国际地位追求。     

对年鉴创新的几点思考

沈国晴在《江苏地方志》2010年第1期撰文指出,年鉴要发展,就应该打造更广阔的舞台,以更高远的视野谋求新的出路。要在地方文化建设中不断发出自己的声音,扩大年鉴的影响力。比如在两会期间,为人大代表、政协委员发放年鉴,扩大影响;制作宣传地方志书和年鉴的文化产品,发放到基层;     

抗日战争与后方特产行业发展——基于川东桐油业的考察

厚植抗战经济力,是抗战时期国民政府经济总动员的最大目标。后方特产行业——桐油业是战时重要的资源型行业,桐油为重要的外销物品,是重要外汇资源之一,倍受政府及社会重视。在战争对资源的渴求下,资源型行业桐油业的经营方式、融资方式、组织形式、产制技术、运输路线等方面均发生较大变化:经营方式由自在经营转变到国家垄断经营;融资方式从"战前以自有资本为主的业内融资"过渡到"战时以银行借贷为主的金融融通";组织形式由传统字号发展到企业集团;运输路线由渝万-汉申-纽约、伦敦发展到万渝-香港、蒙自-纽约、伦敦;产制技术出现了旧式木榨、改良榨机与机器冶炼多重生产方式并存。抗日战争的影响渗透到后方特产行业发展的内在肌理之中,使战争、资源、行业三者之间呈现出紧密的互动关系。     

《临流选石图卷》考释

中国历史博物馆藏《临流选石图》是一幅人物肖像画。图卷中有30余人题写了诗词、题记、题签。本文考证了像主的姓名、事迹,诗词、题记等作品的写作时间以及作者与像主的关系。并指出,图卷诗词、题记等反映了当时士人喜用室名、字号的风尚,对《清人室名别称字号索引》有新的补充。     

商洛地区出土的古代武官印初考

近年来,商洛地区的洛南、丹凤、柞水等县,曾发现了六方金、元、明时期的武官岳,计有:万户所印、主字号监统印、鹍字号行军万户之印、蒙古军都元帅府之印、提控所我字印、盂县尉司之印,现分别介绍与考证如下:     

《浙江通志》部分卷篇目设计的实践与思考

结合《浙江通志》部分卷篇目设计的实践,从谋求创新与彰显特色两方面做好篇目设计.谋求创新就要与时俱进,勇于打破传统模式,创新框架结构;紧跟时代步伐,把新事物、新思想及时纳入,创新篇目内容.设计篇目时要把独特事物加以突出,彰显地方特色;同时要把握时代脉搏,记述改革成果,凸显时代特征.     

芜湖染色手工业

一、色纸业芜湖染色纸和染布手工业,都起于明代中叶嘉靖时期。这是善于经营商业的新安人使用秦淮流域精于染色的技术工人而发展起来的。从那时起直到清末,芜湖加工染色的纸和布,运销各省,远近驰名。     

蓟县大星峪旧石器地点调查简报

大星峪地点发现于2005年4月,其位于天津蓟县城关镇大星峪村以南400米的黄土台地上,在其浅黄色粉砂质黏土层和地表发现石制品30件,包括石核、石片、断块和石器.古人类选择地点附近的阶地底部河卵石为原料进行剥片和加工石器;硬锤锤击法为剥片的主要技术;石制品总体以小型和微型居多;石器主要以石片为毛坯,刮削器是主要类型;石器多由古人类在石片的一侧采用锤击法正向加工而成.石制品特点显示中国北方主工业的文化面貌,地貌与地层对比则显示该地点时代大致属于晚更新世晚期,即旧石器时代晚期.     

Threads: Collecting Cloth in the North American French Colonies

Trade of European-produced cloth and clothing enabled indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants of colonial New France to rethink the “hand-woven”, impacting how self could be presented through dress. At the same time, objects were being collected in New France for cabinets of curiosities and museums. These different collections resonated in different ways through history, subsequently influencing modern understandings of colonial cloth and clothing. This paper examines colonial experiences of cloth by looking at archaeological remnants of cloth and cloth production as compared to how indigenous and non-indigenous colonial peoples were and are being represented by cloth and clothing in museum collections.     

When Firms Take the Lead in Facilitating Clusters

This paper focuses on the role of lead firms and their efforts to facilitate the development of clusters. Several clusters are known for the location of the lead firms that create and shape them, for example, by increasing their skill base, attracting suppliers and creating entrepreneurial activity. However, the literature suffers from insufficient dialogue on the role of lead firms as facilitators of clusters and on how the developmental differences in clusters affect the facilitation performed, and thus the benefits delivered, by lead firms. A key question then is how does the facilitation by lead firms differ in a top-down cluster from that in a bottom-up cluster? The paper is based on a comparative case study investigating the facilitating role of a lead firm within two clusters: Medicon Valley (top-down) and Mechatronics Cluster Denmark (bottom-up). The main conclusion reached is that lead firms in top-down clusters and in bottom-up clusters contribute with quite similar and overlapping cluster benefits, but the way in which these benefits are delivered differs greatly.     

Recent Technology Imports into India: Results of a Survey

This paper analyses the results of a survey of twenty-four recent cases of technology imports into India. Over the last thirty years, large firms in Indian industry have come under increasing competitive pressure from small firms which pay lower wages and which are also favoured by government policy. Most small firms obtain technology through informal channels within the country. But some import technology; and larger firms import it in their defence against competition from small firms. Larger firms, with a history and a reputation, have better access to technology from abroad; smaller firms often go through an extensive search before they find a willing technology supplier. Irrespective of size, firms that import technology within their own specialization are observed to put more effort into technology choice, absorption and adaptation. Indian policies of across-the-board import substitution, by promoting diversification into new products developed abroad, tend to discourage specialization and hence to encourage technology imports and to work against technology absorption and innovation.     

In Cloth We Trust

In this essay, I contextualize recent studies of cloth and culture in Africa, South America, and Oceania within changing anthropological concerns. Examining cloth as an important aspect of art, technology, and economy, I question how specific properties of objects are connected with cultural and social significance. Over the last two decades in particular, cloth—whether woven or nonwoven—has often been construed as an especially potent polyvalent symbol. Examining how scholars have explored this potential, I address the conceptual relocation of cloth in different, often contradictory regimes of value that join discrete physical locations, from isolated community to cosmopolitan museum.     

CHANGES IN THE LOCATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND OWNERSHIP: EVIDENCE FROM CALIFORNIA*

ABSTRACT We use the National Establishment Time‐Series database to describe shifts in the geographic dispersion of employment and ownership of firms. Focusing on data on business establishments in California, and establishments anywhere in the United States that are owned by firms headquartered in California, we find shifts in the operations of businesses headquartered in California to other states. However, this shift has been offset by increased employment in the state by firms headquartered elsewhere, resulting in California's share of national employment holding quite constant. The evidence points to increasing geographic dispersion of firms' operations, especially in industries with lower communication costs.     

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE: IMPLICATIONS OF THE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) assigns the Environmental Protection Agency responsibility for protecting the public from hazards created by industrial wastes. The Agency has understandably used its mandate to construct cradle to grave regulation of waste substances that pose health hazards. The regulations, however, are likely to hike costs of legal disposal by increasing the demand for disposal sites, while at the same time reducing the supply. The higher cost of disposal may give an advantage to larger, existing firms, may deter entry of new firms to both waste generating and disposal industries, and promote illicit disposal. RCRA therefore may have the paradoxical result of increasing public exposure to hazardous wastes.     

史前蒙古人种海洋扩散研究——岭南树皮布文化发现及其意义

在人类衣服历史上,发源于中国的纺织丝布和楮树皮的无纺布,同样是具有世界性影响的重大发明。树皮布技术自南中国南向经中南半岛,席卷东南亚岛屿后,从海路上跨过太平洋岛屿进入中美洲。树皮布在中美洲更广泛被用作纸,具有记载文字的功能,对中美洲的历史影响至为深钜。     

清代山东周村镇的商业

周村是清代山东著名商镇之一。其兴起在康熙-乾隆年间,清代中叶迅速发展。云集周村的各省客商中,北方商人以晋商势力最强,南方商人则以福建为多。道光年间汇聚周村的商人商号可达八九百家乃至千家。周村从南方输入的商品主要是绸缎、杂货,在本地集散的商品则有棉布、生丝、丝绸、茧绸等。清中叶以降,周村开始从单纯的商业中心向加工制造业中心转化,其所产棉布、丝绸不仅占领了东北、华北的广大农村市场,且有一部分打入城市市场。     

Persistence of innovative activities in times of crisis: the case of the Basque Country

By drawing on a large sample of Spanish manufacturing and service sector firms, the changes in firms’ innovation expenditures that have taken place since the onset of the 2008 economic crisis are analysed, as is the relationship between such changes and the location of the company. Special focus is placed on firms in the Basque Country. Compared to other Spanish regions, the Basque Country differs in terms of its fiscal status, its earlier experience of crises, its innovation performance and its greater focus on innovation-related policies. Our results show that the impact of the crisis on firms’ innovation expenditures in the Basque Country has indeed differed from that in comparable Spanish regions. Even after controlling for sectoral differences and for detailed characteristics at the firm level, firms with R&D employment in the Basque Country showed a significantly lower probability of abandoning innovation activities and even a somewhat higher probability of increasing their innovation efforts. This regional effect is especially significant for small and medium-sized enterprises.     

SPATIAL COMPETITION À LA COURNOT: PRICE DISCRIMINATION BY QUANTITY-SETTING OLIGOPOLISTS*

In this paper, we consider oligopolistic competition in a spatial model when firms take care of goods' delivery and discriminate among consumers. Firms compete by setting quantity schedules independently over space. We show that under general conditions a Nash equilibrium in this game exists and is unique. In equilibrium, firms’ markets overlap, a feature which accords with intuition and empirical observations. Over the interval between two firms, the equilibrium spatial price schedule is quasi-concave (quasi-convex) when transport costs are concave (convex). With linear transport costs, the model predicts uniform delivered pricing. Uniform pricing could moreover be obtained by a combination of increasing returns to volume in transportation together with concavity of unit transport costs in distance.