SETTLEMENTS AND CHAMBERED TOMBS IN NEOLITHIC FRANCE

Summary. Chambered tombs of megalithic or dry-stone construction are a leading element in the archaeological record of Neolithic France, but appear to have been associated with only small, insubstantial settlement sites. This point is illustrated by reference to evidence from West-Central France, the Paris Basin, Southern France and Brittany. The tombs seem to have played an important rôle in the articulation of dispersed communities, particularly during periods when new land was being colonised. These findings suggest certain modifications to recent ideas about the origin and functions of the West European chambered tombs.     

RAW MATERIALS FOR MAKING PORCELAIN AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PORCELAIN WARES IN NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA IN ANCIENT TIMES

This is a review of the raw materials used for producing ancient traditional porcelains in the famous kiln areas of north and south China. The relation between the use of porcelain stone and the invention of Chinese porcelain is described. The characteristics of porcelain stone and kaolin and their important role in the development of southern porcelains are discussed. As porcelain stone, which mainly consists of quartz and sericite, occurs widely in south China, the ancient southern porcelains were of a highly siliceous nature. From the beginning of the Yuan through to the Qing Dynasty more and more kaolin was added to the bodies to improve the quality of Jingdezhen porcelain. The glazes in south China were prepared from a mixture of porcelain stone and grass-plus-wood ash or glaze ash, here defined as the ash made by calcining limestone with plant material. The raw materials used in the north for making porcelain bodies were mainly various kinds of clay minerals. Feldspar, quartz and dolomite or calcite were used for northern porcelain glazes.     

THE RAW MATERIALS OF EARLY GLASS PRODUCTION

This paper discusses raw materials used in ancient glasses. Following a consideration of some archaeological reasons for studying glass, the discussion concentrates on the evidence provided by chemical analysis of the glass, and focuses on glass from later prehistoric Western Europe. Consideration of the major, minor and trace components of the glass leads to a conclusion that prehistoric glass artisans were able closely to control the addition of small quantities of colorants, opacifiers and clarifiers to the glass melt. Some possible ways of introducing such small quantities of these substances are suggested. A related implication is that glass production in prehistoric Europe was a mainly specialist industry, being part of a 'high-status'socio-economic sphere. When interpreting technical analyses a full consideration of the socio-economic niche occupied by the glass industry is urged.     

FROM RAW IRON TO SEMI‐PRODUCT: QUALITY AND CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS DURING THE IRON AGE IN FRANCE*

Iron raw materials provide a privileged source of information for the reconstruction of metallurgical techniques and the circulation of iron products. An interdisciplinary approach, combining archaeological and archaeometrical studies of the exemplars known from the French Iron Age, has been undertaken. This enables a new typological classification to be produced that demonstrates a correlation between morphological and structural properties. Through comparison with chronological data, it is possible to propose a reconstruction of the organization of production according to three main periods, which are characterized by the circulation of different qualities of iron and by diverse levels of artisanal specialization.     

三峡地区秦汉墓的分期

目次一墓葬形制分析二随葬品分析三三峡地区秦汉墓的分期三峡地区秦汉墓的发现最早可溯至1871年。此后经过长时间的沉寂,直到抗战期间各地高校和科研院所大量迁渝,在重庆掀起了一个发掘和研究秦汉墓的小高潮。其中比较重要的发现有:曾家岩求精中学(今重庆六中)、国立中央大学、江北培善桥、江北相国寺、     

湖北随州枣树林墓地81与110号墓发掘

义地岗墓群位于湖北随州东城区文峰塔社区.墓群坐落于一条东北-西南向岗地的东南部,涢水沿岗地西侧由西向东流过(图一).墓群南北长约1600、东西宽约720米,面积约120万平方米,海拔50-105米.2009年至今,湖北省文物考古研究所、随州市博物馆、曾都区考古队等发掘单位不间断地对义地岗墓群进行考古勘探、发掘工作.义地岗墓群可分为若干处小型墓地,至今已发掘有文峰塔墓地、汉东东路墓地、枣树林墓地,义地岗墓群所有墓葬采用连续编号(图二).     

RAW MATERIALS OF GLASS FROM AMARNA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGINS OF EGYPTIAN GLASS*

Analysis has been conducted on 19 blue glasses from Amarna in Middle Egypt dated to around 1350 BC. The results suggest that these glasses fall into two distinct types: cobalt coloured glasses with a natron based alkali made from local Egyptian materials, and copper coloured glasses with a plant ash alkali, which follow a Mesopotamian tradition of glass making. It is suggested that at least some of this copper/plant ash glass is imported into Egypt during the Amarna period despite extensive local production of cobalt/natron glass. Existing analyses (Lilyquist and Brill 1995) of the earliest glass from the reign of Tuthmosis III (c. 1450 BC) suggest that during this period the same two types of glass are present. Local Egyptian cobalt and natron in these early glasses implies that, despite the lack of archaeological evidence for production sites, glass was produced from its raw materials in Egypt as early as the reign of Tuthmosis III.     

GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF TOURISM AND RECREATION IN THE SAYAN TERRITORIAL-PRODUCTION COMPLEX

The Sayan hydroelectric station, now under construction, will give rise to a new industrial district in southern Siberia that is expected to attract a population of one million to the area by the year 2000. This development, together with the attractiveness of the region, is likely to spur the development of one of the Soviet Union's most important recreation zones in the southern portion of Krasnoyarsk Kray and adjoining Tuva ASSR. Careful planning of recreational uses of the region is urged within the framework of the regional geo-engineering system, which involves the interplay between the natural environment and the engineering structures generated by the impending economic development of the area.     

ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION (EBSD): A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF PIGMENTS AND RAW MATERIALS IN HISTORIC GLASSES AND CERAMICS

Coloured samples of glass and ceramic were selected for EBSD investigation to verify the potential (advantages and limitations) of this technique in the characterization of the raw materials used and the neoformation phases originating from the manufacturing processes. In the case of copper‐bearing red glasses, it was verified that micrometric droplets, residuals of the original copper source, can be ascribed to metallic copper or to a low‐Sn bronze, due to strongly similar lattice parameters. From the same samples, micrometric flakes were identified by EBSD as magnetite and interpreted as residues of the reducing agent used in the production of such red glasses. Further, the technique allowed the pigment responsible for the yellow colouring of some incised slipware to be recognized as bindheimite. In a third case, the black pigment, contained in some Nestorian decorated pottery, was identified as an amorphous phase of Mn oxide. The accurate identification of the colouring particles and other products or materials offered a more precise comprehension of the production technique, period and site of the examined artefacts, together with scientific parameters for the identification of the raw materials, their transformation during the production cycle and an evaluation of the most reliable recipes used for their preparation.     

河南禹州酸枣树杨汉墓发掘

酸枣树杨墓地位于河南禹州张得乡酸枣树杨村东北,东北距禹州市区约5.4公里.地理坐标为北纬34°05′52″,东经 113°25′40″,海拔 119-127米(图一).这里是豫西山区向豫东平原的过渡地带,为浅山地貌.三峰山由东峰、中峰和西峰三峰组成,属于箕山山系,为伏牛山余脉.墓地位于三峰山之东峰南麓的梯级台地上,地势北高南低,逐级而下,墓地东南距省道231(禹神公路)0.34公里,东北距崔张墓地约0.4公里,西南距酸枣树杨村约0.2公里.墓地东西长约630、南北宽约320米,面积约201600平方米.     

西安地区中小型西汉墓的分期与年代研究

目次一墓葬形制的类型学分析二典型器物的类型学分析三墓葬的分期与年代近些年来,西安地区在配合城市建设中清理了数万座西汉时期墓葬,为汉墓的系统编年研究提供了丰富资料,本文以《西安龙首原汉墓》、《长安汉墓》、《白鹿原汉墓》等考古报告及已发表的相关资料为依据,对西安地区西汉中小型墓葬的形制、出土器物进行类型学分析,在此基础上对墓葬的分期与年代问题进行探讨,不妥之处敬请批评指正。一墓葬形制的类型学分析西安地区中小型汉     

北魏中后期纪年墓等级规制研究

<正>目次一地面封土与陵园建筑二墓道及过洞天井三墓室结构四随葬品组合五墓主身份六结语北魏由拓跋鲜卑建立,墓葬体现了多民族文化融合的特征。随着考古材料不断积累,纪年墓的资料日渐丰富,为探讨北魏中后期墓葬等级、丧葬制度提供了直接证据。目前发现的北魏墓葬近两千座,经考古发掘的不到一半,其中纪年墓信息较完整者有七十四座（附表）。纪年墓主要分布于平城和洛阳地区,墓葬年代则集中于北魏中晚期,其中最早的为太延元年（435年）破多罗太夫人墓,最晚是永熙三年（534年）李仲胤夫妇墓。本文主要通过墓葬地面封土、墓道规模、墓室结构、随葬品组合、墓主身份等反映的文化因素讨论北魏中后期墓葬的等级规制,     

THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF MILK PRODUCTION IN THE MOSCOW REGION AND WAYS OF IMPROVING IT

Ways of improving the locational pattern of milk production and processing facilities in Moscow Oblast are investigated in order to: (a) reduce the volume of long-distance whole milk imports during winter; (b) increase the size of the dairy herd in the Moscow Region, especially in the west, through more effective utilization of natural pasture and cultivated fodder; and (c) promote a shift in animal husbandry toward dairy stock in areas fringing the capital. Milk processing facilities are compared in terms of production capacity, direct sales versus shipments to higher-order processors, and percentage of output consumed within the oblast and by Moscow (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

江西靖安老虎墩遗址汉晋墓与器物坑发掘报告

一 墓地概况 (一)地理位置与环境 老虎墩遗址位于江西靖安高湖镇中港村邓家自然村村东南约200米的台地上,距靖安县城约15公里,距李洲坳东周墓约5公里(图一).遗址地处中港小盆地中部,南河于老虎墩东北30米处由西向东流过. 2009-2011年,江西省文物考古研究所、厦门大学历史系考古专业和靖安县博物馆联合对该遗址进行了发掘,在遗址西南部和中部布探方四十四个,发掘面积1000余平方米.此次发掘清理了汉晋时期墓葬共八座和小型器物坑三十二个,其中,M0、M50的发掘情况已发表[1],本文主要报道其余墓葬及器物坑的发掘情况(图版壹,1).     

THE HIGH-WATER MARK: THE SITING OF MEGALITHIC TOMBS ON THE SWEDISH ISLAND OF TJÖRN

Summary. In 1977 Grahame Clark suggested that the siting of megalithic tombs along the west coast of Scandinavia reflected the distribution of productive fishing grounds. Unlike the situation in other parts of Europe, these monuments were not associated with agriculture. Opinions have varied over the last quarter century, but enough is now known about changes of sea-level for his interpretation to be investigated on the ground. There seems to have been considerable diversity. On the large island of Örust some of the tombs located near to the sea appear to be associated with small natural enclosures defined by rock outcrops and may have been associated with grazing land. On the neighbouring island of Tjörn, however, the tombs were associated with small islands and important sea channels. During the Bronze Age the same areas included carvings of ships. Recent fieldwork in western Norway suggests that such locations were especially important in a maritime economy.