什么是世界史?——欧美与我国世界史学科建设诹议

进入20世纪,西方人开始撰写世界史。二战后,西方历史学家抛弃狭隘的民族主义史学,开始关注世界历史。1960年代,全球史在美国诞生。全球史与世界史有同有异,全球史促进了宏观世界史的研究,1980年代美国的世界史学科化,大学与高中大都开设世界历史课程。1962年,周一良、吴于廑主编的《世界通史》出版,标志着我国的世界史体系的诞生。但是,我国世界史有很多基本概念不清,横向与纵向研究都有缺陷,研究力量畸轻畸重,课程设置与人才培养也存在需要解决的问题。     

古史辨派的史学遗产与中国上古史体系的建设

以顾颉刚为首的古史辨派是我国20世纪20-40年代古史研究的主要派别,对我国史学尤其是上古史研究影响深远。疑古精神、对进步史观的积极追求与接纳的态度、对古史资料考信而后用之的原则、注重历史与考古研究结合的治史方法,以及建设新古史体系的设想,是古史辨派留给我们的史学遗产。新古史体系的建设道路并不平坦,搞好新古史体系建设较为根本的对策就是在总结和继承古史辨派优秀史学遗产的基础上,坚持理论创新,切实加强考古学家与历史学家的沟通与合作。     

伯纳德·贝林与美国早期移民史研究

在20世纪70年代,受叙述史学、新社会史和计量史学的启发,美国历史学家伯纳德·贝林对历史学研究主题和史学方法进行了反思。一方面,他把研究兴趣从政治思想史转向社会史;另一方面,他先后使用中心-边缘模式和大西洋视角来解释17世纪和18世纪北美移民史。详细考察贝林的移民史研究有助于国内学者加深对贝林史学思想的认识,了解美国移民史的新进展,并采用大西洋视角来研究美国早期史。     

比勒菲尔德学派和德国社会史研究

德国史学在世界历史学领域占有重要的一席之地,也因此固守传统很难有所改变。20世纪50年代,走出战争阴影的德国百废待兴,历史学研究也有了新的起点。德国近代史学家们逐步接受法国年鉴学派提出的结构史学的研究方法,为德国传统史学引入了新的元素。20世纪60年代末,以创新改革为宗旨创建的比勒菲尔德大学为历史学的创新打造了一个平台,以韦勒和科卡为首的近代史历史学家们在创建历史学系的过程中注重以结构史学的方法论解析社会演进,跨学科地分析政治、经济、社会和文化各因素的相互作用和影响对社会历史进程的推进,以研究“整体的历史”为宗旨,形成了以德国社会史为主要研究领域的比勒菲尔德学派。     

20世纪70年代以来非洲史学的新进展——以医疗史研究为个案

非洲史学是全球史学的一部分,也是容易被忽略的一部分。实际上,非洲史学有着悠久的历史,在伊斯兰和西方的书面史学传统传入之前,非洲早就存在历史书写的传统。20世纪中叶,随着非洲国家的纷纷独立,非洲史学经历了从殖民主义史学向民族主义史学的转换。自20世纪下半叶以来,基于非洲史学的内在发展逻辑,并在全球史学转向的影响下,非洲史学向纵深发展,其史学流派更加精彩纷呈,如口述史、医疗史、环境史、经济史和妇女史等都取得了不同程度的进展。本文以非洲医疗史为个案,管窥20世纪70年代以来非洲史学的新进展。     

让-弗朗索瓦·西里奈利的法国知识分子史研究

20世纪80年代以来,在法国社会对知识分子问题的讨论和政治文化史学兴起的背景下,法国史学界诞生了一门新的史学分支学科———知识分子史,作为这门新兴学科的主要代表人物,让-弗朗索瓦·西里奈利运用“历程”、“社交性”和“代”三种独特概念方法,对法国知识分子的历史成功地进行了开创性的研究,对我们具有借鉴意义。     

世纪之交的史学理论研究——第18届全国史学理论研讨会报道

<正>2014年5月16—18日,由中国社会科学院创新工程项目"20世纪的历史学与历史学家"、《史学理论研究》编辑部、浙江大学历史系世界史所共同主办的第18届全国史学理论研讨会在杭州召开。本次会议共有来自全国各地的80余位学者参加,既有德高望重的老先生,亦有年富力强的中坚学者,更有代表学界未来的年轻人。这次会议的主题是"世纪之交的史学理论研究",研讨围绕"20世纪马克思主义史学理论与史学史研究的成就与问题"、"20世纪西方史学理论与史学史研究的成就     

历史学与史学史

历史一词,实际包含两种意义。一是指过去发生的一切事情,包括人们的思想和行为。二是人们,主要是历史学家对历史的总结。这后一种意思也就是历史学,或简称史学。对历史学家所写的历史的总结,则称为史学史。以此看来,史学史应该是很重要的。如果说历史是人们对以往一切过往行为的总结和阐述,就象人们必须依靠记忆来生存那样,史学史则是历史学家对以往一切历史著作的反思。没有史学史的研究,历史学家就     

会议通告

<正>第十八届全国史学理论研讨会拟于2014年"五一"前后在杭州召开。会议主题为"面向新世纪的史学理论研究"。会议研讨的主要问题包括:1.20世纪马克思主义史学理论和史学史研究的成就与问题;2.20世纪西方史学理论和史学史研究的成就与问题;3.新世纪以来在史学理论和方法论问题上的新探索。会议由中国社会科学院创新工程项目"20世纪的历史学与历史学家"与浙江大学历史系世界史所联合主办,《史学理论研究》杂志与中国社会科学院史     

近20年隋唐疾病问题研究综述

正20世纪八九十年代以来,随着史学研究的深入与细化,相继涌现出诸多新领域,疾病史亦不再为医学界的专属,也倍受历史学家的青睐。1992年,史语所创设了"疾病、医疗和文化"讨论小组,后演变成"生命医疗史"研究室,陆续举办了10余次研讨会,如1997年6月"医疗与中国社会"学术研讨会、1998年6月"洁净"的历史研讨会、2000年6月"疾病的历史"研讨会等(参阅杜正胜《另类医疗史研     

The anti-Francoist movements and the Middle East conflict (1947–57): The portrayal of Israelis and Arabs in the Spanish left-wing press

To date, scholars have not examined the representations of the Middle East conflict in the 1940s and 1950s by the Spanish anti-Francoist movements. This work analyzes media narratives concerning Arabs and Israelis produced between 1947 and 1957 by the communist, socialist and anarchist press. Through a critical analysis of the articles published in those years, it is possible to demonstrate that the coverage of the Spanish left-wing periodicals was not rooted in the realities of the Middle East, but rather in the political and ideological interests of their parties.     

The 1948 Belcher Affair and Lynskey Tribunal

Although the Belcher affair was one of the biggest cases ofpolitical corruption in twentieth-century Britain, the scandaland resultant judicial inquiry have received little attentionin political histories of the 1940s due to their lack of electoralimpact. This outcome was not apparent to contemporary politicalcommentators. The allegations were serious and elements of theConservative Party were willing to use them to smear the Labourgovernment. The government successfully defused the scandalby appointing a judicial inquiry to investigate the allegations.They hoped this would dispel rumours of widespread corruption.However, it had the unintended effect of scotching public debate.The allegations became sub judice, hindering the activitiesof the scandalmongers. Tedious press coverage of the tribunalhearings bored many voters, who interpreted the scandal in linewith their existing beliefs.     

THE USES OF WALTER: WALTER BENJAMIN AND THE COUNTERFACTUAL IMAGINATION

Many authors, both scholarly and otherwise, have asked what might have happened had Walter Benjamin survived his 1940 attempt to escape Nazi‐occupied Europe. This essay examines several implicitly or explicitly “counterfactual” thought experiments regarding Benjamin's “survival,” including Hannah Arendt's influential “Walter Benjamin: 1892–1940,” and asks why our attachment to Benjamin's story has prompted so much counterfactual inquiry. It also explores the larger question of why few intellectual historians ask explicitly counterfactual questions in their work. While counterfactuals have proven invaluable for scholars in diplomatic, military, and economic history, those writing about the history of ideas often seem less concerned with chains of events and contingency than some of their colleagues are—or they attend to contingency in a selective fashion. Thus this essay attends to the ambivalence about the category of contingency that runs through much work in intellectual history. Returning to the case of Walter Benjamin, this essay explores his own tendency to pose “what if?” questions, and then concludes with an attempt to ask a serious counterfactual question about his story. The effort to ask this question reveals one methodological advantage of counterfactual inquiry: the effort to ask such questions often serves as an excellent guide to the prejudices and interests of the historian asking them. By engaging in counterfactual thought experiments, intellectual historians could restore an awareness of sheer contingency to the stories we tell about the major texts and debates of intellectual history.     

Resurrection in slow motion: the delayed restoration of the cinema exhibition industry in post-war Rotterdam (1940–65)

Abstract

Investigating a cultural industry such as the cinema exhibition sector allows insights in the dynamic intersections between economic, social and cultural history. One of the central questions in the debates about the history of movie-going in the Netherlands centres on why the size and number of cinemas and cinema visits per capita has been significantly lower than the average in Western Europe throughout most of the twentieth century. This article monitors the restoration and repositioning of the Rotterdam cinema exhibition sector in the new city centre arising after the devastation of the bombardment of 1940. An analysis of the trade press and the archives of the influential business association ‘NBB’ suggests how effective local exhibitors were in fending off outsider entrepreneurs and regulating internal competition. Alternative networks of socio-cultural or religious or organizations were successfully prevented from setting up a viable operation exhibiting films.     

世界近代史断限问题新探

历史时期的划分不同于社会形态的演变。世界近代史不能同资本主义史画等号。划分历史时期,应以社会经济发展为主要依据．同时也要考虑到政治和思想文化方面的情况。世界近代史是人类进入工业社会和工业社会发展的历史。它的上限可以定在18世纪60年代．下限可以定在20世纪40年代。     

The Un-European Idea: Vichy and Eurafrica in the Historiography of Europeanism

Imperialist and collaborationist conceptions of Europeanisms have generally been excluded from mainstream historiography with reference to their alleged un-Europeanness. However, by discussing the ideas and writings of two French Europeanists—Louis Le Fur’s and René Viard’s—in the years 1940–41, I argue that it is precisely their Vichyite and imperialist conceptions of Europeanness that underpin their political ideas of a united Europe. Their works therefore call into question a prevailing historiographical narrative of Europeanism as a benign counterpoint to a dark European past. Since, as demonstrated in this article, French Europeanist visions have often been bound up with both collaborationist and imperialist interests, I argue for the need to develop a more inclusive and critical historiographical perspective on the history of Europeanism.     

丁景唐与民歌社

丁英与民歌社,关系到20世纪40年代沪上一段重要的民间文学学术史。刘锡诚真正关注到了丁景唐作为民间文艺学家的成就,但他关于丁景唐与民歌社的有关论述尚存在一定的问题,有待澄清。通过全面的资料爬梳,考察民歌社的名称、成立、组创者、启事、地位,即可在一定程度上还原"丁英与民歌社"这段学术史。     

试析20世纪40年代中国马克思主义史学家对史料和历史考证方法的重视

20世纪30年代,经过中国社会史论战而迅速扩大影响的中国马克思主义史学,存在着明显的教条化和公式化、轻视史料与考证的缺失。40年代的中国马克思主义史学家对此进行了积极的反思和纠正,而且还从理论上论述了史料及考证方法在历史研究中的重要性,阐述了理论观点与材料方法间的辩证关系,极大地促进了马克思主义史学的中国化和学术研究的中国化。     

From Husbands and Housewives to Suckers and Whores: Marital‐Political Anxieties in the ‘House of Egypt’, 1919–48

This article traces the transformation in the symbolic role of the modern, bourgeois Egyptian home and the political and personal relationships it allegedly engendered, showing that what had originally appeared as promising became the potential site of treason and deceit. The article relies on archival materials, political caricatures and articles from the popular press. Beginning with an assessment of the political discourse of 1919, it then illustrates how, by the 1930s, home life and marriage appeared as zones of crisis rather than promise. By the late 1940s, as a stand‐in for political commentary, the domicile appeared as a space from which men had to escape at all costs, presaging a revolution in which a new political order would restore the household to its previous order and centrality.     

Anarchy in Our Churches? The American Architectural Press, 1944–65

In the mid-twentieth century American architectural journals, including Architectural Forum, Architectural Record, and Progressive Architecture, routinely ran features on the state of contemporary church architecture in the United States. Rapid suburban expansion and the revival of religious life in the post-Depression, postwar era generated tremendous amounts of construction, with a great deal of work available for architects. This article examines the concerns and hopes of modernist editors in the 1940s–1960s, as they sought to stabilize a “direction” for church architecture. Specifically, it examines the role of the architectural press as the self-established gatekeepers for acceptable church design, and their relationship with theologians, liturgists, and building commissions within the Catholic Church. Questions of authority (who was competent to determine whether a church design was successful?) and expertise (whose theological knowledge should be weighted more heavily?) lay behind the stark assertions commonplace in these discussions. Editors, generally not themselves Catholic, used their professional positions to weigh in on hot debates within the Catholic Church over the purpose of a church building, the relationship of the Church to modernity (and modernism), and the appropriateness of new materials and engineering techniques.