论雕版印刷术的发明

一、雕版印刷术发明的物质条件 任何一种技术的发明与行用,都是需要相应的物质条件的.雕版印刷术的发明及其广泛应用于印书,也是需要具备与之相配套的物质条件的.其中除了要有用来雕版的木材外,还必须具备用来印刷的纸、墨和楷体字.     

试述中国雕版印刷术发明的条件和时间

(一)社会经济发发展,纸张和墨等书写工具的改进,促进了知识的传播与普及,增加了书籍的需要量,单靠抄写的方式已不能适应人们读书的需求,至唐朝进,人们发明了雕版印刷术.而雕版印刷术与印章的使用和拓石有着渊源关系,它是盖印与拓碑方法结合演变的产物。 据史籍记载,私人印章起源于周末,国玺则始于秦始皇、通行于汉代.起初,印章的使用方法是捺泥封,东晋以后改为印色(通常用红色).印章上刻的字,也由凹入的阴文.演变成凸起的阳文,以后又发展为反刻,印下来的就是正写的文字.     

徽州雕版印刷术的发展

印刷术是我国古代劳动人民的伟大发明,是对世界文化发展的重要贡献之一.根据古书上的纪载,我国雕版印刷术发展的情况,从时代上说,始于唐代,扩于五代,精于宋人,元明以后趋于鼎盛.从地区上说,先从吴(扬州)蜀(成都)越(绍兴)开始,到宋代,两浙地区刻书最盛,其中又以杭州为最发达;福建地区也盛,以建安为中心,如朱熹所说"建阳麻沙版本书籍行四方者,无远不至".又如叶德辉所说"宋代刻书之盛,首推闽中".四川地区,由成都南移,以眉山     

印刷术源流琐谈

印刷术源流琐谈林梅村印刷术是中国对人类文明的一个重大贡献。１４５０年以前,欧洲不过三万册书,而且大多是宗教书籍。印刷术的西传使文化得到普及,这才改变了中世纪欧洲只有僧侣才能受教育的局面,激发了文艺复兴和宗教改革,最终导致现代文明的产生。①所以印刷术对...     

对南宋“锡雕版”的再认识

1957年,在疏浚西湖时挖出了一块雕刻有文字的南宋锡板,相当罕见。鉴于此雕版的特殊性,作者认为它不太可能用于印刷或拓印,结合佛教密宗在中国尤其是两宋时期的发展,此版极有可能是一块放置在密宗“念诵社会”中,用于念诵经文的“真言牌”。     

雕版印刷

雕版印刷是最早在中国出现的印刷形式。现存最早的雕版印刷品是868年的《金刚经》(现藏大英博物馆),不过雕版印刷可能在大约2000年以前就已经出现了。雕版印刷在印刷史上有"活化石"之称,扬州是中国雕版印刷术的发源地,是中国国内唯一保存全套古老雕版印刷工艺的城市,国家非常重视非物质文化遗产的保护。雕版印刷的第一步是制作原稿。然后将原稿反转过来摊在平整的大木板上,固定好。然后各种技术水平的工匠在木板上雕刻绘上的、画上的或写上的原稿,大师级雕工负责精细部分的,到雕刻比较便宜的木头或比较不重要部分由一般的雕工完成。木板     

西子湖畔的雕版隐者

中国的木版水印有两大最高技艺——饾版和拱花,很多雕版艺人宣称自己修成了这两大秘笈,但迄今为止,唯一让这两大技艺合体、让木版水印饾版拱花作品重现的,只有一位隐居于西子湖畔的雕版印刷高人。     

诸葛连弩及其再发明初论

诸葛连弩系一千古之谜。2003年,李希勇向武侯祠博物馆捐赠了他研制的诸葛连弩,引起了罗开玉对这一问题的思考,通过反复研究,认为这可能就是当年诸葛亮研制的连弩,至少是同类型产品。中认为,在诸葛亮之前的连弩只是连结在一起和一击而发多矢的弩,诸葛亮发明了连续发射的弩,与以前的弩有质的区别与飞跃,是一种崭新的武器,是世界上最早的自动武器。诸葛亮是我国古代、世界古代最杰出的科学家之一。     

谈我国古代造纸术的发明

造纸是我国古代的四大发明之一。长期以来,人们根据《后汉书·蔡伦传》的记载,一直以为造纸术是东汉人蔡伦在公元105年(汉和帝元兴元年)发明的。但是,目前我国学术界通过详考文献记载,并根据考古发掘的地下材料,证明我国早在西汉时期就已经发明了纸。据《汉书·孝成赵皇后传》记载,公元前12年(成帝元延元年),汉成帝的宠妃赵昭仪要毒杀宫中女官曹伟能(即曹宫),派人将一小绿箧交给狱官藉武,藉武打开箧子一看,“中有裹药二枚,赫蹏(xìtí音戏蹄)书曰:‘告伟能,努力饮此药。’”注引应劭曰:“赫蹏,薄小纸也。”这是西汉有纸的最早文献记载。考古发掘的地下实物,更为我们提供了西汉有纸的有力证据。1933年我国考古学家黄文弼在新疆罗布淖尔(即罗布泊)附近的汉代烽燧遗址中,发现一片长100毫米、宽40毫米的麻纸,可惜后来毁于战火,其质料未能细加鉴定。同时出土的文物中,还有西汉宣帝黄龙元年(公元前49年)的木简,估计罗布淖尔纸亦属同时期物。1957年5月8日在西安灞桥砖瓦厂建筑工地上挖土时,从一座古墓中发掘出一批纸,纸片大小不等,大的有10×10厘米,小的只有3×4厘米,共88片。经化验分析,这些纸是用大麻和苎麻纤维作原料,经切断、沤煮、舂捣而成浆,然后抄造而成     

海盗的发明——自助餐

北欧,斯堪的纳维亚半岛。几个世纪以前,这里是著名的海盗窝。每当一次出海凯旋,海盗们总会大摆筵席大肆庆祝。但,对海盗来说,当时就餐的繁文缛节只是有所耳闻,他们不习惯甚至不了解,相反,他们要的只是尽兴!于是撇开各种对束手缚脚,到摆满食物的桌子上自选、自取享用的方式,大受欢迎。最初这被上流社会排斥的就餐方式,在18世纪被法国得到兴起,并且迅速在欧美各国流传开来。之后的西餐业者将它文明化和规范化,便有了今天的＂自助餐＂,有时,也称冷餐会。     

Alexander von Humboldt's invention of the natural landscape

Landscape took on a new meaning through the new science of plant geography of Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1857). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, “landscape” was foremost a painterly genre. Slowly, painted landscapes came to bear on natural surroundings, but by 1800 it was still not common to designate sites as “landscapes.” Humboldt looked at plant vegetation with a painterly gaze. Artists, according to him, could suggest in their work that an abstract unity lay hidden underneath observable phenomena. Humboldt projected painted landscapes on nature and found its ecological unity. By doing so, he ultimately stripped the concept of landscape from its primary visual meaning.     

周元公集版本辨析

《周元公集》,宋周敦颐文集及史料之合编,其成书、流传、版本诸事,今考辨如下.《四库总目》卷六十传记类存目《周元公集》提要:     

Influence of Taoism on the invention of the purple pigment used on the Qin terracotta warriors

Until the 19th century, most pigments were based on naturally occurring colored minerals and dyes, with three significant exceptions: Egyptian Blue, Chinese Blue/Purple and Maya Blue. The former two are alkaline-earth copper silicates, and because of this similarity it has been proposed that the Chinese pigments were derived from Egyptian Blue. Herein, we analyzed clumps of pigment from the Qin warriors and discovered that in spite of the structural similarity to Egyptian Blue, the micro-structural morphology of Chinese Purple is very different. Therefore, we believe that the synthesis technology for the Chinese pigments was a by-product of high-refractive index glasses (artificial jades) produced by Taoist monks. Further, the disappearance of these pigments from Chinese art and monuments concurrently with the decline of Taoism not only substantiates the link between the two, but also gives a striking example of how cultural changes in the society affected the scientific developments in ancient China.     

《戒石铭》及其流传考

宋代以来,在地方官署里或署衙前,往往立有石碑或石壁,上面刻有警戒官吏的铭文,这就是《戒石铭》.广义地说,地方官署中刻在石碑或石壁上的警戒性的铭文,都可以称为"戒石铭".但在过去,地方官署中刻在戒石上的文字,大都是由后蜀孟昶所撰、后来经宋太宗节录的"尔俸尔禄,民膏民脂.     

Missionary hydrography and the invention of early modern Amazonia

Amazonia became an important laboratory of inquiry and evangelization for Franciscans and Jesuits in the early modern Spanish Empire. The missionary endeavours depended upon knowledge friars acquired and produced about the rivers, landscapes, and societies of their new home in the tropical lowlands of South America. Friars were particularly interested in finding and naming the axis of this new territory. ‘Amazonas,’ however, became an untameable fluvial entity that defied unitary conceptualization. Whereas the sixteenth-century concept of the river revolved around the dimensions of its estuary, seventeenth-century missionaries focused on length, volume, and headwaters to define Amazonia. The attempts to define the river produced a dispute between the two religious orders and indeed within each group, as Franciscans and Jesuits sought to make their ‘Amazonas’ normative. The present study explores this debate and asserts that hydrography became a language of authority and contention among early modern missionaries of Amazonia.