COMPETITIVE AND IMPERFECTLY COMPETITIVE LABOR MARKETS IN URBAN AREAS*

ABSTRACT. In this paper, I present a model incorporating two kinds of spatial labor markets: a centralized competitive market at the central business district (CBD) and dispersed local markets across economic space under imperfect competition. Wage differentials and the size of the two types of markets are endogenously determined by rational choices of workers as well as profit maximization of firms. Workers can exercise rational choices with respect to market places where they commute and supply their labor. In this model, I attempt, in effect, to integrate the Hotelling-type paradigm and the Samuelson-type paradigm in a consistent spatial setting.     

Russia’s gas “Triopoly”: implications of a changing gas sector structure

The growth strategies of the two largest so-called independent Russian gas producers – Novatek and Rosneft – as well as developments in international markets and changing domestic energy needs have put pressure on the present Russian gas sector model dominated by Gazprom. The three companies are involved in a struggle over export liberalization as well as the conditions in the domestic market. Liquefied natural gas is top priority for Novatek and Rosneft’s main gas focus is on eastern Russia and Asia, but there is still room for considerable tension with Gazprom. The government wants to both improve Russia’s position in export markets and maintain stable domestic supplies, including to socially disadvantaged regions and institutions. Gazprom is insisting that if further access to export markets is granted to the Independents, then they must take greater responsibility for domestic market obligations. On the other hand, the key Independents seem intent on stopping or slowing down their expansion in the domestic market in order to prioritize export sales, and will certainly not take broader domestic supply responsibilities without better access to export markets. The balancing of policies involves strong players on the Russian economic and political scene, all with ties to the Kremlin.     

Analysis of Interregional Labor Migration in Spain Using Gross Flows

In this paper we study the economic determinants of Spanish interregional labor force flows from an aggregate perspective. The study is based on a matching model of the labor market applied to migration, and uses gross rather than net flows as other studies do. Among the main results, we find that unemployment increases out-migration because unemployed people search more actively, but when the unemployment rate is above a certain level this effect is reduced. We also find that the rate of change of relative wages is a significant determinant of migration in Spain.     

沉没成本、制度环境与企业出口地理动态

本文使用2002-2011年中国海关出口数据,探究成本视角下企业出口地理动态和作用机制。实证结果表明企业出口活动和邻近企业溢出均对企业在出口市场上的进入和退出存在显著双面性影响：企业出口活动不利于企业进入新市场,但利于企业继续留在国外已有市场中;邻近企业溢出为企业进入新市场创造了有利条件,但加快了企业从已有市场退出。本文还发现在市场化程度较低和政府干预程度较高的地区,企业出口活动和邻近企业溢出发挥的“双面性”影响明显。这意味地方制度环境能影响中国企业出口地理动态,塑造了企业出口的动机和策略。     

A Geospatial Analysis of China's Exports, 1991-2008

Three Taiwan-based economists employ a range of exploratory spatial data analysis tools (e.g., Moran's I and LISA statistics) to investigate trends in the growth of China's exports over the period 1991-2008. A particular focus is on the detection of spatial correlations between China and 40 export destination countries in major world regions. Emphasis in the paper on the key years of 1991, 2001, 2006, and 2008 has enabled the authors to analyze the impacts on China's trade of such major events as the country's accession to the World Trade Organization and the global economic crisis of 2008-2009. The results of the spatial analysis reveal the continuing importance of the U.S. and Asian countries in China's export trade (despite changes in the character of trade relations) and identify the spatial outliers (e.g., in Latin America) that may serve as the basis for new export markets for China in the future.     

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INTERREGIONAL PRICE LINKAGES*

ABSTRACT Vector autoregression models are used to analyze the relationships between Texas and Illinois corn prices, and the New Orleans export price. Decomposition of error variances suggests an increasing exogeneity in the recent years between the export market and the two U.S. markets. Impulse response functions indicate that the export price influences both the Illinois and Texas prices.     

基于市场竞争态的上海国际旅游客源市场分析

通过运用市场竞争态指标对上海国际旅游客源市场1997-2004年统计数据进行分析,可以发现,21世纪以来上海国际旅游客源市场呈现出明星市场空白、金牛市场壮大、幼童市场回落、瘦狗市场积聚的变化趋势与特征,说明上海国际旅游客市场发展的后续动力不足;本文认为:加强日本、韩国、德国、美国四个金牛市场的宣传和促销,对英国、印度、瑞士三国进行市场细分,保持主要客源市场和潜力客源市场的持续增长,是今后上海国际旅游市场拓展的关键.     

中国旅游温点地区旅游市场营销的可持续发展战略研究——以平遥古城为例

本文分析了世界文化遗产平遥古城的旅游市场区位特征,研究了平遥旅游市场的时空分布规律、旅游市场行为特征、旅游后评价及满意度等旅游需求特征,规划了平遥旅游市场的细分目标,制定了平遥古城应扩大市场影响范围、统一促销口号、拓宽促销范围、强化促销手段和明确促销对象的旅游市场开发策略,提出了平遥古城作为中国旅游温点地区的采取调整旅游消费结构、建立合理市场结构,发挥客源市场共存、减轻旅游"瓶颈",形成紧密旅游网络、提高产品文化品格,加快旅游国际进程、建设中国旅游强县的可持续发展战略。     

PRICING POLICY REACTIONS TO AGGLOMERATION IN A MARKET WITH SPATIAL SEARCH*

ABSTRACT. Price dispersion (variation) and agglomeration are common characteristics of spatial markets, in particular, markets with imperfect consumer information and search. However, pricing and location strategies in these markets are not well analyzed since spatial search is difficult to model without restricting the spatial dimension of the problem. This paper analyzes pricing and location strategies in a market with spatid search using a probabilistic modeling strategy that does not restrict search patterns in the plane. Specifically, the analysis considers the pricing strategy of an isolated firm in response to the agglomeration of competing firms. Results indicate that spatial and temporal price dispersion are effective responses to competitors'agglomeration. However, the relative effectiveness of these strategies varies with market conditions. In addition, agglomeration can have some counterintuitive effects. This paper also provides insights into existing theories of spatial search and spatial competition in spatially-restricted (linear and circular) markets.     

Competition in a Repeated Spatial Auction Market with an Application to Timber Sales

In this paper we develop a model of a repeated spatial auction market. The auction model contributes to the literature on spatial competition by considering the sale of goods in a market with spatial and temporal dimensions, and in which goods are sold by an auction institution instead of a posted-price institution. In the Nash equilibrium of the spatial auction model, each bidder is found to have a dominance solvable strategy to bid below his net (of transportation costs) valuation for the first unit of the good because there is an option value to not winning, namely that the following units may be locationally preferred to the first unit. The equilibrium bidding strategies lead to the possibility of non–Pareto-efficient outcomes. The auction model is applied to data from U.S. Forest Service timber sales.     

广州批发市场的销售物流网络空间研究——基于基本—非基本经济活动视角

经济基础理论是解释城市增长的经典理论之一,但实地数据的缺乏使得相关实证研究效果不佳。结合实地调查数据,从基本—非基本经济活动的视角对广州市批发市场的销售物流网络空间进行研究,得出基本经济活动与非基本经济活动的比率高达4.27,反映出城市经济活动外向性的特点;基本经济活动网络总体上形成了以广州为中心,珠三角和省外城市为重要支点的星型流动格局;非基本经济活动网络呈现出城市中部强、南北弱的货流格局。最后,采用R型和Q型因子分析方法,对销售物流网络进行流场识别,深入刻画网络的空间特征。结果显示销售物流网络中形成了一个综合活动场、五个基本活动场以及两个非基本活动场。     

FROM RESOURCE TO MARKET: POSTWAR SPATIAL CHANGES IN A SWEDISH FOREST COMPANY

Despite the wealth of empirical and theoretical literature on transnational corporations, little has been written about the spatial consequences of changes in the ownership of forest-based industries. These types of tnc embrace a broad range of activities, formerly based solely upon forest raw material, comprising sawmilling and pulp and paper manufacturing. In Sweden, these industries were mostly located near raw material supplies and concentrated on export production for the European market. During recent decades forest companies such as sca (Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget) have invested in or acquired production and sales units in most of the traditional market countries. This has involved a substantial increase in the numbers of foreign employees, new commodities and raw materials, and a shift in the centre of gravity of production and employment. The aim of this article is to investigate and model the locational changes in sca 's ownership (of production, sales, and administrative units) and in its organizational structure within and outside Sweden, from the 1950s to the present.     

WHAT ATTRACTS FOREIGN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS? EVIDENCE FROM BRANCH PLANT LOCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT. The location decisions of foreign multinational corporations (FMNCs) are analyzed using a conditional logit model with states as the choice set. We consider the establishment of new manufacturing plants and separately analyze the site selection of all MNCs, Japanese MNCs, and European MNCs. The results indicate that access to markets, labor market conditions, state promotional efforts to attract foreign investment, and state and local personal taxes are significant fadors in the location decision. The decision determinants for Japanese and European MNCs are found to be different.     

上海都市区制造业就业格局的演化及影响因素

制造业是城市经济的重要组成部分和推动城市空间格局演化的重要驱动力。本文采用上海1996年、2004年、2008年制造业企业分街道就业数据,分析上海都市区制造业的空间格局演化,采用计量模型探究了制造业就业分布的主要影响因素。研究表明,上海都市区制造业就业空间格局已经基本实现了郊区化,并涌现出了稳定的制造业次中心;区位、交通、地价和政策因素对制造业就业格局的形成有着显著作用,而且这些因素的作用存在着显著的行业间差异性。为实现制造业的合理布局和城市空间结构优化,政府应该尊重市场规律和不同产业的特点,为不同产业选址布局提供相应的空间供给和基础设施。     

中国食品出口贸易地理网络演化

华人网络与文化距离对中国食品行业贸易地理网络的形成与演化具有显著影响.本文基于2000-2016年中国海关贸易数据库,首先展示中国各省份食品贸易地理网络格局及其演化趋势,研究发现我国东部省份以东亚和北美为主要出口目的地,中西部省份贸易网络的空间不均衡性较强,且各省份食品出口均有贸易联系强化和目的国多样化特征.其次,构建...     

Export of environmental technologies by publicly owned companies: approaches,drivers and obstacles among Swedish municipal companies

This article focuses on the export of environmental technology by publicly owned companies. The export of such technologies has the potential to contribute to economic competitiveness and environmental sustainability. However, research on this emerging topic has so far largely focused on privately owned SMEs compared to publicly owned companies. Using interviews with 12 Swedish municipally owned companies which develop such systems and a survey with 36 others, we analyse their approaches, drivers for and obstacles to export. These companies use a combination of different approaches such as subsidiaries, independent projects, licensing and private-public partnerships to engage in export. However, in contrast to private companies which are often driven by internal factors such as extra sales, these municipally owned companies are largely motivated by external factors such as customer requests and opportunities to contribute to environmental sustainability. Furthermore, their main export barriers relate to differences between the business culture and political systems in their home and target markets. Their export experiences are influenced by their municipal ownership, the types of technologies they develop and the institutional contexts within which they operate. This study reveals an actor type struggling to find a balance between domestic obligations and commercialization in international markets.     

浅析上海市大卖场的空间区位选择

以大型超市、仓储式商场组成的大卖场是上海近几年来迅速发展的一种新型业态。在经济全球化背景下,国外的各类商业零售业将大举进入,对中国的零售业市场带来了一定的冲击和新的机遇。本文以上海大卖场为着手点,在分析了大卖场布局的区位因子的基础上,研究了上海大卖场空间布局特征从而提出了合理布局大卖场的建议。     

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN LABOR DEMAND AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN LOCAL LABOR MARKETS*

ABSTRACT. It seems quite clear that the US. economy in the late 1970s and early 1980s was exposed to an accelerated rate of structural change resulting from energy price shocks, increased international competition and technological change. It is of considerable interest, then, that previous attempts to examine structural unemployment in this period find that structural shift in employment generally were not Significant determinants of the unemployment rate. This paper revisits this issue using a measure of structural job shifts drawn from the literature on establishment job creation and destruction. The results show that changes in the structure of labor demand across industry by establishment-size sectors had a statically significant and empirically important positive effect on the unemployment rate in a sample of 200 metropolitan labor markets during the 1976 to 1984 period.     

近代西北皮毛产地及流通市场研究

甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆、绥远、察哈尔以及陕西的北部位于我国农牧分界线以北地区,是我国主要的皮毛产地,近代中国70%以上的皮毛产于这一地区。近代西北皮毛市场兴起是以天津开埠为起点。天津开埠后逐渐成为中国北方最大的港口和出口市场,其经济腹地不断由华北向西北延伸,带动了近代西北皮毛市场的兴起。近代中外贸易的主要特点是西方列强利用不平等条约对中国原料的掠夺。因此,在西北皮毛市场兴起的过程中,外商、洋行、买办起了先导作用。在近代西北皮毛的市场链中,以产地市场为基础,以中转市场为枢纽,以出口市场为尾闾,形成了比较完整的市场体系。皮毛市场的勃兴,对西北区域市场与国际市场的联系产生了至关重要的作用,增加了西北地区经济发展的现代化因素。     

TECHNICAL CHANGE AND PROFITS IN CANADIAN MANUFACTURING: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS

Manufacturing profitability and growth declined sharply in Canada between 1955 and 1984. The spatial extent of this decline has not previously been documented. This article examines manufacturing performance in six regions of Canada. The analysis reveals significant interregional performance differences that appear to be increasing. Two different types of inter-firm competition are identified in the article: competition in production and competition in the market. Empirical investigation reveals that changes in production conditions had a greater impact on regional profitability in five of the six regions studied. In the remaining region, poor market performance was the primary cause of the reduction in profits after 1955.
Au Canada la rentabilité et la croissance industrielle ont profondément diminué entre les années 1955 et 1984. L'ampleur spatiale de cette baisse n'a jamais été docu-mentée. Cette étude examine le comportement et les performances de fabrication dans six régions canadien-nes. De considérables différences inter-régionales, qui semblent toujours s'accentuer sont mises en évidence. Dans cette recherche, deux genres de concurrence entre les societes son identifiés: la concurrence dans la production, et la concurrence dans le marché. L'analyse empi-rique montre que certains changements dans les conditions de production ont eu un effet considérable sur la rentabilité régionale pour cinq des six régions en question. En ce qui concerne la dernière région, la baisse des profits a partir de 1955 est dûe essentiellement à la mauvaise performance du marché.