A British Lead Seal from Northern New Spain

Abstract

It is often suggested that only a fairly small percentage of the buried population was commemorated on stones before the 19th century. However, there has been little empirical study of what proportion is represented on monuments for different periods. This work compares the number of individuals whose names appear on surviving monuments in historical burial grounds, and the number of individuals recorded in parish records. Although there was considerable variation between graveyards, the mean proportion of those registered as having been buried and who were also commemorated was 8·23%, the figure being much higher in rural areas and much lower in urban ones.     

在专制与法治之间——“都铎悖论”解析

都铎时期英国的政体性质十分独特和复杂。一方面,都铎王权空前强大,在国家权力结构、政治法律体制和君主的统治行为方面都呈现出不可否认的专制趋向;另一方面,都铎诸王基本上是遵照“政治程序”行使其统治权的,因而又处处表现出明显的法治特征。结果,原本根本对立的专制和法治不合逻辑地共存于都铎政体中,形成奇特的“都铎悖论”现象。这一现象看似不可思议,实际上并不难理解,它是从中世纪向近代过渡时期建立民族主权国家的时代需要和英国独特的宪政法制传统共同导致的必然结果。     

Reflections on Tudor Green

Abstract

In this article the author suggests that the time has come to revise ideas on Tudor Green ware. He puts forward the suggestion that there was no such thing as a Tudor Green industry, and that it would be more appropriate to group together comparable ceramics from this region under the term Southern Whiteware.     

从国王名称和徽章等看都铎英国的王权

指称与象征是透视都铎英国王权的重要视角。都铎英国国王的自称与他称、国王的正式称谓与称号、国王的纹章与旗帜等,是分析都铎英国王权的指称与象征的主要内容,但迄今很少有学者从这样的视角对都铎王权进行研究。指称与象征的内涵及其变迁表明,都铎王权的合法性基础发生了重大变化,王权与主权观念实现了重合与交融,但王权的范围与职能划分中存在着公权与私权的内在矛盾。这集中体现在国王的特许权上。在这个意义上,英国宪政的发展历程正是解决国王特许权内在矛盾的过程。     

论都铎英国的货币管制

货币的铸造及发行权是封建时代王权的重要组成部分,因而历来备受各国政府的高度重视和管制.都铎时期的英国既出于强化王权的需要,又迫于国内非常状况的压力,曾以王室公告为主要法律手段,对货币实行了严格而长期的国家管制,并取得了一定的成效.但囿于若干因素的制约,其实际效果又有一定局限性.     

论英国都铎专制君主制的有限性

英国都铎王朝时期的君主制久享“专制”之名,但又绝非东方式的或欧洲大陆式的绝对主义君主制。由于它处在英国封建制度日趋没落、资本主义迅速发展的历史过渡时期,在“王在议会”和“议会至上”的原则已经萌芽的情况下,其权势势必受到法律和议会的限制,而带有浓重的“有限性”特点。     

阿卡德时期印文类型研究

在经历了早王朝阶段漫长的发展之后,两河流域文明的滚印在阿卡德时期出现了飞跃性的发展,表现出了全新的特点:印文的使用变得更为普及,图案内容更为复杂,类型更为多样。阿卡德王国是两河流域首个统一地域国家。印文的这种发展状况与阿卡德王国领土持续扩张、王权观念日渐强化、国王采取一系列手段确立和巩固中央政府的统治密切相关,是统治者为增强被征服地区和民族在政治、文化上的认同感而采取的一系列重要措施之一。     

A Lead Danubian Rider Plaque

A small lead relief in the hands of a British collector can be identified as belonging to the Danubian Rider cult, so called because the names of deities associated with this Roman-period religion are unknown and artefacts are identified by a pair of horsemen flanking a female deity and accompanied by other distinctive iconographic elements. This example, of unknown origin but probably discovered in east-central Europe, shows the typical composition. Other examples cast from the same mould are known. Although there is little hard fact about this cult and almost nothing written has survived, it is possible to suggest interpretations for much of the imagery by reference to contemporaneous religious activity within the Roman Empire during the second and third centuries AD.