Ecotourism,Poverty and Resources Management in Ranomafana,Madagascar

Abstract

This paper explores how the protection of natural resources is managed in Madagascar in order to understand how and why tourism development is part of the strategy to safeguard these resources. Based on a heterodox political economy approach and using documentary analysis as well as exploratory interviews, this paper focuses on the specific case of Ranomafana National Park showing how the environment, economic growth and poverty alleviation strategies are instrumental to a ‘development framework’ that envisions the rural poor population as a problem as well as a solution with respect to resource depletion. The analysis concluded that tourism is far from being an ‘axis of development’ for the Malagasy economy, and, thus, an insufficient alternative to address the destructive practices described in this paper. The case study shows that ecotourism creates few work opportunities for local people and does not absorb the job seekers who rapidly revert to survival techniques and anarchic use of resources, thereby threatening the integrity of the forest and the long-term survival of ecotourism activities. In this context, the place of tourism in general and of ecotourism, in particular, appears to have been highly exaggerated in Madagascar as the direct economic benefits of tourism at the local level remain minimal.     

西南连片特困地区乡村旅游的减贫效应分析——基于广西235个村庄的调查

基于精准识别的一手调查数据,运用最小二乘法的多元线性回归模型,评估西南连片特困地区235个村庄乡村旅游的整体减贫效果,并进一步考察交通设施建设、旅游产业项目建设和旅游就业参与等不同开发环节对减贫效果的具体影响。结果发现:乡村旅游开发的整体减贫效应明显,但是交通设施建设、旅游产业项目建设以及旅游就业参与等不同开发环节的减贫效应存在显著差异;乡村旅游扶贫开发有助于贫困户脱贫增收,针对不同开发环节的具体问题要精准滴灌、靶向治疗,实现乡村旅游扶贫开发的精准发力、精准施策和精准帮扶。     

旅游地农户生计资本与社区可持续生计发展研究——以秦巴山区安康一区三县为例

在DFID可持续生计框架下,构建旅游地农户生计资本评价模型,测度其生计资本规模及结构变化,并分析乡村旅游社区发展对农户生计资本变化趋向的影响。研究发现：①秦巴山区乡村旅游地农户生计资本得到整体提升,农户生计呈现多元化发展趋势;②乡村旅游影响下的农户金融资本、物资资本、自然资本和人力资本均得到提升,社会资本则处于相对较低水平;通过二元Logistic回归分析,发现社区居民的旅游获利程度、社区参与旅游发展程度、社区旅游发展基础条件等对农户资本趋向好转与优化具有正向显著影响。     

The value of community-based tourism in Banteay Chhmar,Cambodia

ABSTRACT

In the era of mass tourism, phenomena such as sustainable tourism, responsible tourism, rural tourism, eco-tourism, pro-poor tourism and community-based tourism are now increasingly under the research microscope. If established and managed correctly, these alternative forms of tourism have the potential to contribute towards sustainable community development and provide visitors with unique experiences. Few scholars have qualitatively addressed the growth of community-based tourism in South-East Asia. This study investigated the value of a community-based tourism project at Banteay Chhmar in north-west Cambodia, specifically the discourse of the project's members and the broader community. The objective of the study was to provide an ethnographic account of the community member's attitudes, opinions and beliefs concerning the perceived value and contribution of the project towards community development in their locality. The study initially relied on a literature review to conceptualise community-based tourism. Unstructured in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 30 stakeholders of the Banteay Chhmar Community-Based Tourism Project. A narrative identifies the development of the project and provides samples of the respondents’ discourses. Findings from a thematic analysis of stakeholder responses indicated support of tourism and the overall operation of the project. Opinions were divided concerning the future growth of tourism and likely negative impacts on resident livelihoods. While some felt the project was relatively insular and lacked transparency, most identified the project's value as enhanced social capital, pride and a better sense of community. The findings show the project has positively contributed towards community development; however, before it can be considered a best practice example of community-based tourism, its financial sustainability, business practices and community support need to improve. The overall study serves as a valuable insight into themes promoting the merits and complications of community-based tourism, specifically in South-East Asia.     

PPT战略与背包旅游--以滇西北为例

贫困问题是世界性的难题。云南省作为我国旅游资源最为丰富的省份之一,同时也是全国贫困县最多的省份,其贫困地区的分布与旅游资源的分布基本一致,是中国旅游资源丰富与经济极度贫困对照鲜明的代表性地区。笔者根据在滇西北高原上逾期一个月的背包和徒步旅游的实地调研,以虎跳峡徒步旅游路线为案例,指出通过背包旅游对贫困地区进行开发,实施PPT战略,是适合贫困人口发展与创建和谐社区的必然选择。     

中国藏区脱贫与生态保护政策的联动性探讨

藏区是中国贫困发生率最高的区域之一,也是中国乃至世界最重要的生态区域,更是少数民族贫困地区最具典型意义的区域。避免扶贫和生态保护单一政策的制度缺陷,发挥二者间制度安排的联动效应,选择统筹发展路径,是藏区经济社会可持续发展的关键。     

历史文化保护区旅游开发的社区参与模式研究

近些年来,为了充分利用资源发展区域经济和满足社会的旅游需求,历史文化保护区(尤其是古城镇、古村落等)纷纷进行旅游开发,演化成旅游社区。社区居民以资产、人力资源、社区文化等不同的社区参与要素参与历史文化保护区的旅游开发,获得不同利益,形成三种不同的社区参与模式。论文在对三种参与模式进行分析的基础上,对当前历史文化保护区社区参与旅游开发存在的主要问题进行思考并探讨其解决的途径,提出应激励投入增大总效用、认定和提高社区居民的分利能力以及构建"社区参与"的利益保障机制等。     

国家级贫困县旅游资源优势度与脱贫力耦合分析——以433个脱贫县为例

依托旅游资源发展旅游业成为中国脱贫攻坚战略的重要路径。以433个已脱贫的国家级贫困县为研究对象,构建旅游资源优势度与脱贫力的耦合协调模型,分析两者耦合协调度等级和类型空间分布特征。研究表明：①脱贫县旅游资源优势度4个等级数量呈“梯形”结构,而脱贫力4个等级数量呈“钵型”结构;②旅游资源优势度区域差异明显,而脱贫力区域差异不大;③高度、中度和低度耦合协调等级分别呈“零星式”“带状式”和“簇块+带状混合式”分布特征;④耦合类型可分为高同步型、低同步型、潜力型和乏力型,其中乏力型和低同步型数量较多,类型空间分异显著。     

社区参与和旅游业可持续发展

在旅游业迅猛发展的同时,旅游地问题日益突出,促使人们重视旅游与社区关系问题的研究,从社区的角度思考和寻求实现旅游业可持续发展的可行途径。目前,我国旅游学界对社区参与的研究方兴未艾,但仍然缺乏社区参与的历史演化进程的纵向分析和归纳研究。本文通过分析社区参与旅游发展的阶段性特征,将其划分为四个阶段:个别参与、组织参与、大众参与和全面参与,并描述了"近S形"的总体发展曲线;在此基础上,文章提出:为实现旅游业可持续发展,防止旅游地衰落和旅游地社区解体,社区应该全面参与到旅游业发展过程;当前,社区参与需要在旅游规划、旅游地环境保护、旅游地社区文化维护等三个方面得到加强。     

A geographical approach to trust in tourism

Abstract

Within tourism research, trust has largely been conceptualised from psychological perspectives, allowing insights into the mechanisms through which resident/stakeholder relations generate trust. Whilst this work is valuable in understanding dynamics of trust relations, such focus has meant less attention and has been given to the ways space influences trust in tourism contexts. Thus, a geographical approach is put forth to understanding trust in tourism. Through observation and semi-structured interviews concerned with the implementation of a community tourism project in southwest China, insights are provided illustrating how trust is inscribed in place. It is shown that in the Chinese context, cultural place-based specificities relating to pre-existing governance structures, social hierarchies, and the intersection of power, knowledge and trust influence the (in)abilities of NGOs to develop trust with specific residents. More meaningful dialogue between tourism research and geographical conceptualisations of trust is called for – as a way to attend to spatial and scalar differences in understanding of trust within tourism contexts.     

民族地区负责任旅游扶贫开发模式与实现路径

国外关注贫困问题的负责任旅游研究和实践为我国民族地区旅游扶贫开发提供了新的视角。我国民族地区与贫困地区、旅游资源丰富地区具有高度的重叠性,进而衍生出了多样化的旅游扶贫开发模式。这些旅游扶贫开发模式对民族地区旅游业发展和贫困人口致富起到了促进作用的同时,也因缺乏对文化景观脆弱性和自然生态敏感性的系统考虑而产生了诸多负面影响。基于此,本文重点讨论了负责任旅游视角下民族地区扶贫开发的模式重构问题,明晰了民族地区负责任旅游扶贫开发的战略取向和运行机制,构建了民族地区负责任旅游扶贫开发的旅游者驱动和社会型旅游企业带动两种模式,进而提出了与之相适应的实施对策与建议。     

Constructing Social Capital: Self‐Help Groups and Rural Women's Development in India

The success of the group approach in rural micro‐finance among women has inspired the tendency to look at all networking as essentially good and desirable in rural community development, without acknowledging the entrenched caste, class, ethnic and religious hierarchies that lead to diversities among women. Government schemes designed for poverty alleviation among rural women tend to be influenced by concepts and models that have been successful elsewhere, but do not take into account the diversities of situations at the local level. Internationally popular catchwords are used indiscriminately without questioning how these concepts can work effectively in the specific local context. This paper examines why some ‘self‐help groups’ fail by using the Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) experience in India. The empirical survey was done over a period of two years in Burdwan, a relatively rich agricultural tract located in eastern India. We argue that whilst the ‘group’ has inherent benefits, it must never be allowed to become the paradigm in developmental policies for women.     

怒江大峡谷旅游扶贫研究

旅游扶贫是解决旅游资源丰富型地区贫困问题的有效途径。怒江峡谷区是个区域性的特困少数民族地区,山高坡陡、生态环境脆弱的地理环境决定传统的农业难以改变其贫困面貌。而其丰富的民族文化资源、生物多样性资源和独特的峡谷自然景观等旅游资源,使怒江旅游扶贫成为可能。文章分析了怒江峡谷旅游扶贫的优势、劣势资源和机遇,提出怒江旅游发展应以乡村生态旅游为目标,开发特色旅游扶贫产品,发挥政府引导和扶持作用。     

乡村旅游对贫困山区农户多维贫困的影响研究

在分析乡村旅游对农户多维贫困影响机理的基础上,利用陕西4市22个乡村旅游扶贫村农户调查数据,采用内生转换回归模型,定量分析了乡村旅游对贫困山区农户多维贫困的影响。研究发现:多维贫困程度越深,农户参与旅游比例越低,乡村旅游不具有天然益贫性;参与旅游能够显著减缓农户的多维贫困。从单维贫困看,乡村旅游对调查地农户的经济、教育、生活水平和权利维度具有显著的减贫效应,其中对生活水平的减贫效应最大,健康维度效应不显著;参与和未参与乡村旅游的农户在多维贫困以及经济、生活水平维度的减贫影响因素存在着显著差异,而在教育、健康、权利维度的减贫影响因素差异不大。据此,从乡村旅游经营、精准帮扶、权益保障等方面提出对策建议。     

对加快民和县扶贫开发的几点思考

中国特色的扶贫开发,是发展中国特色社会主义的重要组成部分,也是贯彻落实科学发展观的必然要求。文章就如何进一步加强县域扶贫开发,进一步完善国家的扶贫战略和政策体系以及实现全面建设小康社会的目标,提出了对策和建议。     

内蒙古自治区农村人口多维贫困特征测算与分析

针对国家精准扶贫需求,构建基于A-F双临界值法的多维贫困度量模型,进行内蒙古自治区农村人口多维贫困特征的总体测算与分析,并分别分析多维贫困的空间集聚效应及不同分类体系下的贫困分异特征。结果显示:①研究区西部存在大面积高度贫困县单元,中部存在呈东西条带状分布的中度贫困县单元,东部地区贫困程度呈现"南高北低"状态;②研究区主要致贫因素为:人均纯收入、家庭健康、平均教育年限,一般致贫因素为燃料类型、资产、房屋结构,次要致贫因素为:饮水情况、通电情况、儿童入学率;且大部分贫困指标呈显著空间集聚效应;③研究区西部县际贫困特征差异较小,东部存在显著的南北分布差异;④不同类型县各贫困指标差异不同。     

Tourism development and the disempowerment of host residents: types and formative mechanisms

In-depth interviews, text analysis of official documents, and a representative case study are explored to investigate the disempowerment of residents in Tiantangzhai, an emerging yet isolated alpine tourism area in Anhui Province, China. Qualitative research was conducted within the specific political and economic context of China and concludes that (1) residents suffered disempowerment in five areas, including access to productive living space, access to natural resources, access to information, travel benefits, and travel participation; and (2) the mechanisms of disempowerment included government development strategy and system design, elite community relationship networks, individual socio-economic conditions, and social support measures. The research implications suggest that smooth and successful tourism development depends on improving the performance assessment of officials, consolidating administrative supervision, the timely dissemination of information relevant to tourism development, and enhancing opportunities for local residents to participate in tourism development.     

Evaluating social sustainability in historic urban environments

Government policies aimed at the alleviation of poverty and social exclusion have been moving toward a multi-faceted approach that includes community capacity building and collaborative partnerships. This implies greater community consultation and the involvement of public and private institutions and the voluntary sector in the democratic management of local affairs. While these are established theoretical concepts, implementing localised social policy and measuring the outcomes are notoriously difficult, particularly in historic urban areas where democratic decision making has the potential to conflict with the management of heritage value. Drawing on recent policy and academic literature, this paper explores the concept of social sustainability and the characteristics of its evaluation. The paper illustrates how social sustainability indicators favour multi-dimensional themes that support national political agendas. The tension between this and the rise of participatory governance is highlighted. The paper concludes with a suggested approach to the evaluation of social sustainability in historic urban environments.     

基于旅游影响感知的自然旅游地居民分类及影响因素——以安徽天堂寨景区为例

旅游发展初期的自然旅游地社区居民旅游影响感知分类及影响因素在文献中讨论较少。以天堂寨景区为例利用分层聚类法与多分类名义变量逻辑斯蒂回归模型对居民旅游影响感知群体分类并识别其关键影响因素。研究发现:天堂寨周边社区居民旅游影响感知分为盲目乐观派、社区经济挂帅派、谨慎支持派、悲观反对派,分类的关键影响因素为年龄与居住时间、居住村、现在工作。基于深度访谈数据与研究文献分析了相关因素影响居民旅游影响感知群体分类的内在机制。本研究证实了一个事实:即使在偏远的山区农村社会分化也越来越明显,哪怕是针对像旅游业这样的具体议题,同时本研究也呼应了经典社会学中的社会分层理论。     

Promoting tourism through the EU LEADER programme: understanding Local Action Group governance

ABSTRACT

For many European rural areas, the rural development programmes based on the LEADER approach constitute the main policy for promoting tourism. Going a step further than a rural development programme, LEADER represents an ideal method for overcoming some of the challenges involved in rural tourism development, such as the integration of tourism supply through public-private organizations or the coordination of multi-level policies. Despite its potential, there are difficulties involved in putting this approach into practice. This article aims to provide in-depth understanding of the challenges faced by some managers responsible for developing tourism strategies through the LEADER approach. To do this, semi-structured in-depth interviews have been held with Local Action Groups managers from Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). The main findings reveal that the actions of regional governments lead to the limitation and strangulation of the principle of subsidiarity according with the LAG manager? opinion.