Can argillaceous formations isolate nuclear waste? Insights from isotopic,noble gas,and geochemical profiles

There is considerable interest in the use of thick argillaceous geologic formations to contain nuclear waste. Here, we show that diffusion can be the controlling transport process in these formations and diffusional time scales for δ¹⁸O and δ²H in water, dissolved He, and Cl transport in shale‐dominated aquitards are typically over 10⁶ years, well exceeding the regulatory requirements for isolation in most countries. Our scientific understanding of diffusive solute transport processes through argillaceous formations would benefit from the application of additional isotopic tracers (e.g., using new ⁴He sampling technology), multidimensional diffusive‐dispersive modeling of groundwater flow and diffusive‐dispersive solute transport over long geologic time scales, and an improved understanding of spatial heterogeneity as well as time‐dependent changes in the subsurface conditions and properties of argillaceous formations in response to events such as glaciation. Based on our current isotopic and geochemical understanding of transport, we argue that argillaceous formations can provide favorable long‐term conditions for isolating nuclear wastes.     

旅游决策过程调查研究

旅游决策过程是一个从心理到行为的连续体,包括一系列相关的阶段或步骤。本研究在以往研究的基础上,通过访谈和问卷调查,最终发现个人的旅游决策过程可以划分为产生旅游的需要或动机、收集有关旅游的信息、确定旅游目的地或旅游线路、进行旅游预算、确定出游方式、决定是否外出旅游、外出旅游等七个阶段。每个阶段,旅游者需要解决不同的问题。     

Mapping History: Cartography and the Construction of the San Pedro Valley

The San Pedro Valley of North America’s desert Southwest has been depicted in maps for over four centuries. These images composed by Euro‐American colonialists do not merely portray a topographical reality; they also construct singular notions of place. While place‐making often inspires a rich awareness of self and belonging, it is also a device of power that shapes people’s desires, perceptions and experiences. Employing Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, we explore the hidden messages embedded in maps from the 1500s to 1800s to reveal the social and political ideologies that buttressed the Spanish, Mexican and American empires. These analyses illustrate that Euro‐American maps do not advance in a linear evolution from simple (unknown) to complex (known) in the production of place. Rather they act to legitimize colonial rule through strategies of representation that privilege Euro‐American standpoints and disregard competing claims of entitlement.     

资源型城市核心竞争力的演变与调控--以冷水江市为例

资源型城市是指伴随资源开发而兴起的城市,我国有各类资源型城市120余座。作为特殊的经济区,资源型城市曾经为加速我国工业化进程和增强我国经济国际竞争力发挥过重要作用。但在其发展过程中,由于资源条件和发展思路的差异,有的至今保持旺盛的竞争力,有的却因资源枯竭或市场障碍渐入窘境。因此,资源型城市的衰落与振兴日益成为地理学家关注的热点问题。本文从资源型城市核心竞争力结构入手,分析了资源型城市核心竞争力成长阶段及演变特征,并以冷水江市为例,论述了资源型城市核心竞争力调控的模式和途径。     

朝鲜战争中中美决策比较研究

本文通过对朝鲜战争第一年中 ,中美双方在不同阶段决策的变化 ,来研究大国间“局部战争”概念的形成及局部战争中双方的战略指导思想     

Placing GIS in sustainability education

As public awareness about sustainability grows and as higher education advances sustainability more comprehensively, geographers have an opportunity to take a role in sustainability education. This article examines (1) what constitutes sustainability education, (2) how geographic concepts and Geographic Information System (GIS) are relevant to sustainability education, and (3) how geospatial thinking can be incorporated into the sustainability curriculum using GIS. This research proposes five geospatial inquiries that students can make to explore sustainability issues using GIS, which are spatial distribution, spatial interactions, spatial relationships, spatial comparisons, and temporal relationships. Definition, examples, and uses of these five geospatial inquiries supported by GIS are provided.     

Planners’ analysis and opportunism – benefit analysis in the Swedish HSR-project: a preliminary analysis

The dominating form of analysis in the transport sector is cost–benefit analysis (CBA). This study investigates the purpose and use of an alternative analysis intended to complement CBA in the Swedish high-speed rail project. According to CBA calculations, the project is heavily unprofitable. While some politicians called for project termination, the project leadership launched an alternative benefit analysis that calculated only benefits (disregarding costs). This was intended to be a basis for decision making on station localization and financing agreements, but it was quickly downplayed due to its methodological inconsistencies. However, the project leadership still used the identified benefits opportunistically as a counterweight to the negative CBA results. They also engaged local-level civil servants and politicians in making the reports. This built political momentum and made the local-level civil servants and politicians adopt the mindset of the project. This study shows how a methodologically flawed analysis is used for political manoeuvring. From a scientific CBA perspective, this is alarming, but from a political perspective it is not surprising. The findings echo earlier research showing that analysis for decision making is often used for political purposes. The results suggest that future research should consider how opportunism in alternative benefit analysis can be limited.