Context and Interpretation: An Archaeology of Cultural Production

This paper examines the construction of modern-world contexts in historical archaeology. To help draw out and understand the social and cultural contexts of capitalism, colonialism, and modernity, and how they may be materially understood, an explanation of the German history of everyday life school (Alltagsgeschichte) is presented. In this approach, the objects of historical study become the everyday cultural interpretations of past people and how these interpretations actively produced and reproduced cultures. This approach is illustrated by a landscape archaeology of the Bordley–Randall site in Annapolis, Maryland.     

关于国内环境解说和游客教育的研究综述

环境解说和游客教育一直是西方旅游实践和理论研究的热点问题,该领域现有的综述类文献也多以国外研究为重点。随着我国该领域研究文献的大量涌现,有必要对其最新进展进行梳理。本文综述了近十年来大陆学者在环境解说和游客教育领域的研究脉络和内容,主要包括概念体系、规划和设计、问题和对策、解说受众四个方面,并指出了研究的薄弱环节,期望为提升这一领域的理论与实践水平提供借鉴和参考。     

豫东平原古城淮阳城湖湿地历史景观探析--兼论科罗纳(CORONA)影像资料的解读与运用

本文以河南淮阳古城城湖为例,探讨历史时期华北平原城市湖塘湿地的自然生态与人文景观。适应于华北平原水资源时空分布不均、旱涝灾害易发的水环境,传统城市中以雨洪为主要水源的湖塘水体,是具有较大幅度水位变化、旱涝交替的湿地景观。不仅为多种动植物提供了栖息地,也与城市居民的生产生活建立了广泛而紧密的联系,从文化休闲、日常用水,到适应湿地水域内不同水土条件及其旱涝变化的农业生产和土地利用,塑造了独特的文化景观,对当代华北平原城市的水景观建设具有参照意义。拍摄于1960-1972年间的科罗纳卫星影像,以高分辨率、多时相等特点,能够展示湿地景观的旱涝变化和土地利用的适应性变化,为研究历史时期的湿地景观提供了重要的图像资料。     

Gravestones and Monuments in the Maritime Cultural Landscape: Research Potential and Preliminary Interpretations

Thousands of memorials around the world commemorate maritime disasters and death. In addition to commemoration, memorials provide insight into the conceptual landscape of maritime peoples. Types of maritime memorials, locations where they can be found, and the limitations of memorials as archaeological artefacts are discussed. Data from 18th- and 19th-century English and American maritime memorials are used to make preliminary interpretations regarding Anglo-American maritime beliefs. Based on this I argue that memorials are a valuable source of data for maritime cultural landscape studies, particularly for what they reveal about maritime belief systems.
© 2006 The Author     

《禹贡》徐州篇与《鲁颂·閟宫》所见地理景观比较分析

通过对《禹贡》徐州篇与《鲁颂.閟宫》所记述的海、岱、淮水、东原、大东等一系列地理景观的比较分析,本文认为二者之间有不少相似之处,存在较为紧密的联系,应是先秦时期人们对同一地域所见地理事实的记述。     

解说志工制度与志工特性之探讨--以台湾阳明山旅游区为例

本研究的目的是探讨台湾旅游区游客解说服务的经验与制度。研究首先指出解说服务对于旅游区管理的各种功能,介绍正职解说员与解说志工的角色及特性,并整理目前旅游解说志工制度的特色。其次,讨论志愿服务的3个理论,以及志工绩效评估的意义、流程及重要性。再透过实证的量化问卷调查,分析阳明山旅游区解说志工的个人背景、参与特性、环境素养、组织满意度以及带队解说表现情形。研究最后归纳解说志工制度的经验与推展流程,为相关保护区或风景区管理单位提供参考。     

Animal Use and the Urban Landscape in Colonial Charleston, South Carolina, USA

The quantity and variety of animals contributing to foodways and landscapes are often overlooked in studies of urban colonial experiences. In colonial Charleston, South Carolina (USA), wild and domestic animals contributed to a unique lowcountry cuisine. Some of these animals lived in the city where their activities shaped, and were shaped by, the urban landscape. Many aspects of the environment were designed to accommodate and restrict these animals. Excavations at two eighteenth-century sites provide more detailed views of the changing role of animals in the lowcountry foodways and landscape from 1720 into the 1800s.     

Variation in Venues of Slavery and Freedom: Interpreting the Late Eighteenth-Century Cultural Landscape of St. John, Danish West Indies Using an Archaeological GIS

An archaeological GIS is used to examine the late eighteenth-century cultural landscape of St. John, US Virgin Islands. Land use patterns are reconstructed using a combination of historic maps, tax records, and survey reconnaissance. The study demonstrates significant, heretofore undocumented, transitions taking place that reflect dynamic cultural and economic change within Danish West Indian plantation society that includes a significant trend towards land ownership by free-colored St. Johnians more than a half a century before emancipation. These venues of freedom are discussed in relation to broader patterns of estate consolidation and economic shifts.     

Etching the Law on the Land: The Role of Landscape and Custom in Defining the Space of the Hungarian Village in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Abstract

This article explores the interaction between the historical landscape of Hungary and the structure of rural society that developed therefrom. It establishes the means through which the Hungarian peasantry were able to construct the spatial order of the village in response to the particular environment of the Hungarian plain, and how this informed attempts to reform Hungarian rural society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In this, it argues that customary practices and customary rights, in particular ‘beating the bounds’ (határjárás), provided a means for the peasantry to assert their own claims to the landscape in the face of reforms imposed from beyond the boundaries of the village.     

旨趣和方法的异同:论钱大昕与王鸣盛的地理考辨

乾嘉学者钱大昕与王鸣盛治学以考据见长,二者在历史地理领域的研究各有特点。钱大昕擅长运用缜密的考辨方法,致力于建置沿革的考证纠谬,成果丰硕。王鸣盛则重视地理考察,贯通古今史事,辨析形势险要,探究地理条件与历代兴亡、战争胜负的关系;同时又以《禹贡》为中心,将儒家经典中的重要篇章纳入地理考辨的范围,反映其学术研究的丰富性和多样性。钱大昕与王鸣盛的考证成果及历史分析对近现代历史地理研究具有重要的参考价值,其细密考证与归纳、概括的综合分析也具有方法论上的借鉴意义。     

苏州阊西地区城市景观的形成与发展

苏州城西北门阊门以西一带自然风光优美,自古以来即是达官贵人的游冶迎送之地,至明代,则逐步形成显著的城市景观。阊西地区城市化的空间过程,是以阊门附近为核心,沿水道呈放射形带状发展的。本文考察自先秦吴国建都至明清时期阊西一带城市景观的形成和发展,重点探讨明清时期阊西地区城市化发展过程中城市职能分工所带来的景观差异。     

近代江门的侨资房地产业及其对城市建筑景观的影响（1862—1949年）

论文从区域历史地理学的研究视角出发,通过对相关地方档案、方志等资料的整理分析,对近代华侨投资江门房地产业的阶段性特征、华侨投资江门房地产业的类别差异作了初步研究,并在此基础上分析了侨资房地产业的发展对江门城市建筑景观变迁的影响。得出结论：华侨投资江门房地产业有着鲜明的阶段特征。1919年之后的侨资房地产业不断发展,抗战前达到投资的黄金时期,并呈现出商业化的趋势,商住混合型的骑楼得到大规模建设,发展到纯商业性的酒楼及戏院的出现。抗战后的侨资房地产业虽没有此前繁荣,但带有恢复性建设的特点。伴随着侨资房地产业发展的同时,中西文化在侨资这一媒介作用下共同被融入到房地产建设当中,使近代江门城市的建筑景观呈现出丰富特征。     

Differences between NISP and MNE in cutmark analysis of highly fragmented faunal assemblages

Documentation of cutmarks is standard protocol in contemporary zooarchaeology. However, there is currently no consensus about how to best quantify them. This study examines differences in cutmark patterning using two approaches: 1) by means of an experiment, comparing a control cutmark pattern to ten simulated highly fragmented sets of front and rear limbs using %NISPcut as the quantitative unit, and 2) by quantifying an archaeological faunal assemblage using both the number of identifiable specimens (NISP) and the comprehensive minimum number of elements (cMNE). Results reveal significant differences in cutmark patterning between the control set and the simulated fragmented sets. Additionally, the ordinal-scale frequencies of cutmark anatomical portions (proximal, shaft, distal) are inconsistent and fluctuate across the simulated sets. Results of the zooarchaeological analysis show that differences between the two quantification methods are significant. In general, this study suggests that on heavily fragmented assemblages, interpretations of butchering behavior based on cutmark patterning are influenced by the chosen unit of quantification. Overall, using NISP as the quantitative unit provides inconsistent results, whereas, by alleviating the effects of high fragmentation, cMNE is more reliable.     

古建石活传统工艺与现代工艺的差别

本文论述了古建石活的传统工艺与现代工艺之差异及由此形成的不同效果,指出了在古建筑石构件的修缮复原工程中,不宜完全用现代工艺与工具取代传统工艺与工具,并提出在运用现代技术的同时应保留优秀的传统工艺做法。     

中西方姓名宗法与宗教信仰异同

中西方文化源远流长,在其各自的姓名称谓文化中,尤其是宗教信仰与宗法观念的命名上有其共性,也有其差异,本文就各自文化中宗法与宗教观念的比较及姓名的价值观念、美学观念等进行分析研究,以更好地了解中西方语言与文化的历史及姓名的内涵与外延,从而达到交际的目的。     

基于社会属性和旅游经历的旅游者生态意识研究——以海南旅游者为例

本文以生态意识结构层次为理论基础,设计出符合海南省旅游实情的旅游者生态意识衡量指标,并对海南省的旅游者进行问卷调查。通过因子分析法得出生态意识的4个影响因子：生态认知、生态态度、生态评价和生态行为。运用描述性分析、因子分析和相关分析,考察社会属性和旅游经历两个外部因素对生态意识的影响程度,研究发现：海南省旅游者的生态意识水平整体低下,行为与态度存在不一致的现象。旅游者的性别、年龄、职业和教育程度对生态意识的不同层次存在着不同程度的差异影响,其中：旅游者的年龄对生态态度层次表现出负相关影响,旅游者的教育程度对生态意识的积极影响效应并不高,旅游次数与旅游者的生态行为存在一定程度的正相关关系,针对性的生态意识宣传能有效提高旅游者的生态意识。     

风景旅游城市传统旅游服务业空间布局分异研究——以泰安市主城区旅行社和星级酒店为例

本文以泰安市主城区为研究案例地,选取该区域内的旅行社和星级酒店为研究对象,利用分形的网格维数和空间句法方法,对传统旅游服务业的布局分异进行研究。结果表明：旅行社对城市整体及局部交通环境要求都较高,多集中分布于车站-景点及景点-景点的连线上;星级酒店分布则相对分散,在不同级别的整体交通集成度空间上分布差异不大（除交通极为不便的整体集成度最低区域外）,而对局部交通环境要求较高,多分布于局部交通集成核心。在此基础上,本文探讨了这两种旅游服务业在泰安市主城区的布局分异的成因。     

The construction of hunting sceneries: Interactions between humans,animals and landscape in the Antofalla valley,Catamarca, Argentina

Through the history of human occupation in the south-central Andes, the interactions between south-American camelids and human populations were essential in the social reproduction, being hunting one of the appropriation modes of greater long term. In this sense, the way in which encounters between hunters and their preys were materialized becomes a relevant subject in order to understand these interactions. That is why in this paper I pretend to show the way in which the landscape were constructed where the encounters between hunters and their preys were given. For this, I shall focus in the information obtained from the intensive and systematic survey developed in the Antofalla valley, located in the Antofagasta de la Sierra Department, Catamarca Province, Argentina. This information has allowed me to identify a series of structures build with the aim of propitiate the encounter of herds by means of anticipating the movements of the animals, searching to obtain near and fixed targets in order to materialize the attack.     

外地游客与本地居民的城镇空间感知差异——以广东省佛山市南海区西部城镇为例

随着全球竞争的不断加剧,地方政府着力于塑造城市形象以吸引外部资源,这种效率导向的建设行为扩大了城市内部的空间差异,并使得外地游客与本地居民的空间感知产生差异。本文以语义差别法（SemanticDifferential）为分析工具,通过对广东省佛山市南海区西部城镇的实证调查,比较分析了外地游客相对于本地居民对城镇感知的评价特征。分析发现,研究对象的空间感知总体呈现平庸化的格局,但是外地游客对城镇生态环境品质、城乡空间差别方面的空间感知评价均优于本地居民,且这种评价与实地场景照片内容具有内在的一致性。研究最后提出,对旅游城镇而言,地方政府往往重点建设外地游客高频活动区域,易忽视对本地居民日常生活场所的建设投资,从而导致了两类社会群体对空间感知的语境差异。     

“刘言史法，吾言史意”——章学诚与刘知几史学歧异探析

“史法”与“史意”是章学诚的重要学术术语,是研究章学诚与刘知几史学异同关系的关键,也是把握章学诚史学思想的关键。本从章学诚所界定之“史学”涵义入手,认为“史意”是针对一家述而言,“史法”是针对馆局纂修而言,“史法”与“史意”能够体现出章学诚与刘知几的分歧所在。