志怪、志人小说的现实化:对唐传奇文体演进的一种描述——现实视域下志怪、志人小说至唐传奇的文体演进论

以现实为视域,志怪、志人小说的文体演进可以概括为志怪、志人小说的现实化。唐传奇之所以能够实现文体独立与小说作者对于现实开掘与理解的深刻转变密不可分。志怪小说至唐传奇,描写的内容由想象为基础的幻想世界之朦胧逐渐过渡到以现实为参照的虚构世界之清晰,描摹的对象由鬼神怪异为绝对主体间杂少量具有超现实色彩的历史人物演化为现实中奇人异士与人情化鬼神怪异并行,作者的创作原则由以幻为基础的"实录"转变为以幻为基础的寄实和以实为基础的虚构共存;志人小说至唐传奇,创作理念由重理轻情变为情理并重,人物塑造由一种人物特点的刻画变为多重品性的揭示。在志怪、志人小说的现实融合过程中,肃宗的"黜华用实"主张、中唐儒学的复兴与小说创作观念的变化都起到了不容忽视的作用。     

《IQ84》中的牛河形象论

在村上春树小说的人物谱系中,牛河是一位鲜活的、经典的存在。这位靠着在村上小说中跑龙套起家的人物,在《IQ84》中上升为作品的第三号主人公。牛河形象是在受到社会戕害的负面效应与长期影响下产生的,不但活灵活现、纵横捭阖,游弋在作品的艺术世界中,是作家小说人物整体构想重要的、不容忽视的存在;而且面目并不可人,行为方式甚至很难被人接受。因此在表现日本社会危机的本质特征方面脱颖而出,成为现代小说艺术中的“这一个”。这一形象的出现,改变了长期以来,读者和批评界对长篇小说主要人物概念的传统认识。     

浅析《高老头》的人物形象和艺术特色

《高老头》是十九世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》中的代表作品,它真实再现了当时法国的社会现实,揭示和批判了法国社会金钱支配下资产阶级道德缺失和人性的冷漠无情,并展现了社会各阶层形形色色的人物,可称得上是"法国社会的风俗史"。我将对小说的人物形象和艺术特色进行简要的分析。     

女性成长的史诗——小说《飘》与《小妇人》中的女主人公形象之比较

小说《飘》和《小妇人》是美国文学殿堂的优秀之作。两部作品均由女性作家创作,并深受广大读者喜爱。本文从社会背景、女性主义和人物结局三方面对两部小说的女主人公进行比较,揭示小说中女性的成长历程,并对小说作了更为深入的解读。     

试论《剪灯新话》的主要人物形象

元未明初文人瞿佑的《剪灯新话》在中国小说史上具有重要的地位。从小说艺术性重要构成之一的人物形象方面对其进行审视:在人物角色设置上,主要角色以男性为多,男主角多为"书生"、"士人",女主角多生长于官宦商贾家庭;在人物形象塑造上,主要是直接塑造与间接塑造;在人物形象特点和内涵上,奇遇类和爱情类故事的人物各有千秋。     

地方志应防止“教化”功能的弱化

从已出版的第二轮志书看,大部分志书的"教化"功能有所弱化。弱化的主要表现是志书在教育人和净化人的心灵的作用方面有所减弱。弱化的主要原因是志书的人文部类记述不够。具体的说:一是人物部分在志书中所占比重太小;二是部分人物传深度不够;三是志书人物传不记反面人物;四是志书以事系人做得不够;五是对失误和不足记述不够。从而弱化了志书的"教化"功能。     

论钱钟书笔下的女性人物形象

本文从女性人物入手,对钱钟书小说中的女性(尤其是知识女性)形象进行了梳理和分析,揭示出了40年代中国知识女性的生存状态和命运。本文旨在从女性的历史角色、社会地位和处身的社会环境着眼,将人物的思想内核展露,从而完成对这些女性形象的重新诠释和再认识。     

论《喧哗与骚动》的意识流叙事结构

《喧哗与骚动》作为表现内心世界的小说,是以近乎完全不觉醒的意识开始,以完全觉醒而告终。本文通过对《喧哗与骚动》意识流叙事结构的分析,来揭示《喧哗与骚动》这部小说尽意识流技巧之能事,运用了大量的意识流表现手法,以揭示人物在每一个注意焦点的不同心情这一特征。     

论《喧哗与骚动》的意识流叙事结构

《喧哗与骚动》作为表现内心世界的小说,是以近乎完全不觉醒的意识开始,以完全觉醒而告终。本文通过对《喧哗与骚动》意识流叙事结构的分析,来揭示《喧哗与骚动》这部小说尽意识流技巧之能事,运用了大量的意识流表现手法,以揭示人物在每一个注意焦点的不同心情这一特征。     

边缘人——论《黑暗之心》中主人公库尔茨的身份困境

《黑暗之心》是约瑟夫·康拉德最重要、最优秀的小说之一。小说主人公库尔茨往往被看做欧洲殖民者的化身,本文从身份角度出发,认为库尔茨一方面由于缺乏进入欧洲白人主流社会的金钱和名望,不被主流社会接纳;来到非洲腹地后又一味征服掠夺,无法融入非洲黑人世界,从而成为两个世界间的"边缘人"。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.