西周至南北自制玻璃概述

我国玻璃起步较晚,大体始于西周初或先周(殷末),主要是蓝色、浅蓝色或绿色玻璃珠管,与玉、玛瑙配合制成“杂佩”。其时玻璃的主要成分为二氧化硅,并含有少量铅、钡,故称为铅钡玻璃,与西方钠钙玻璃不同而独树一帜。春秋战国时期,西方蜻蜓眼玻璃珠输入我国,从此,以仿羊脂白玉美若明月的“隋侯珠”为代表的自制玻璃与外来玻璃并存。西方(大月氏)吹制玻璃术于汉魏传入我国之后,也出现了自制的空心玻璃器皿。     

An investigation of soil phosphorus distribution within occupation deposits from a Romano-British hut group

A simple scheme for soil sampling and subsequent analysis for total soil phosphorus using perchloric acid digestion is described and its application illustrated by samples from the native farmstead of the Roman period at Cefn Graeanog in North Wales. The floor deposits of three distinctive buildings were analysed, and the data obtained enhanced by Trend Surface Analysis to produce generalized maps of the phosphorus distribution, together with levels of significance of such distribution patterns. These were then used to clarify the details of the interpretation of the usage of the various types of building. Data for soil phosphorus concentration clearly reveal the pattern of erosion of constructed floors, the presence of features such as hearths and drains, and can be used to reveal patterns not otherwise discernible by excavation techniques.     

1949-1956年中国城乡居民消费水平总体考察

1949～1956年是中国从新民主主义社会向社会主义社会过渡的时期,也是中国经济发展较好和人民生活水平提高较快的时期之一。随着生产的发展和人们收入水平的提高,城乡居民饮食水平有所提高,穿衣打扮有所变化,日用品消费有所进步,居住紧张状况有所缓解,文化水平普遍提升,医疗条件明显改善,城乡居民物质生活和精神生活发生了显著变化。     

20世纪50年代美国政府关于核报复战略的内部争论

研究“核威慑”这一军事理念正式形成的50年代美国核战略的决策史,有助于认识今天再度得到强化的美国核战略态势。有关档案献显示,在军事战略领域首次正式将威慑理论付诸实践的艾森豪威尔政府,在“新面貌”战略特别是其中的“大规模报复战略”的具体实施问题上,一直存在严重分歧并为此展开了持久的争论。这既是出于对美苏核军备竞赛所加剧的全面战争危险和美苏可能最终形成战略均势的深切担忧,也是因为该战略在扼阻地区冲突方面的明显局限性。但由于对外部威胁的基本判断没有改变,加上现行战略的内在矛盾,艾森豪威尔政府始终无法彻底改弦更张,只能作一些局部的修补,因而未能摆脱战略上的困境。     

An Introduction to Spatial Discounting

Research on the valuation of environmental externalities shows that decision makers tend to discount not only over time but across space. Just as time discounting has implications for intergenerational equity, geographical or spatial discounting has implications for intragenerational equity. Similarly, just as positive time discount rates are warranted by positive net rates of growth of the capital stock, positive spatial discount rates may be warranted by the fact that enviironmental (or other external effects of economic activity are diffused at positive rates. This paper introduces the notion of spatial discounting and explores its welfare implications through a simple diffusion model.     

宋代安南使节广西段所经路线考

宋代是中越双边关系的草创期,各种外交制度和模式都处在摸索和调适之中,其中就包涵了安南使节使宋路线的选择。廉州道是北宋前期安南使节优先选择的路线,但钦州道后来居上,取而代之,成为宋代安南使节使宋的主要线路,邕州道凭借其全程陆路的优点,地位亦有日益增重的趋势。路线选择背后蕴含着深刻的历史和自然背景,如历史的惯性,交通干线和贸易中心的变迁,接待花费与交通成本,以及气候、地形和路线距离等自然因素。     

An Exploratory and Reflective Process of Urban Spatial Morphology within Social Sustainability: Lessons from Middle Eastern Islamic Tradition

This article outlines the significant role of ideologies and values that lie beneath the physicality of the city, in reforming urban spatial morphology within a framework of social sustainability. We focus on the urban morphology of Middle Eastern cities, which have evolved within the framework of Islamic tradition, to illuminate the relationship between the ideological and physical dimensions of spatial morphology in all urban contexts. We examine the process by which a collective of religious, political, and cultural values underlying the physicality of the city have evolved into aesthetic conventions. This process played a crucial role in the maintenance of social and urban sustainability. We propose a form of “pattern language,” here termed the anatomical approach, that brings together the ideological dimension of a city's inhabitants and the physical characteristics of urban morphology. Such a model may help urban designers and architects to understand and create more responsive and friendly cities. It furthermore contributes to the planning education process by providing the essential knowledge and analytical foundation for site analysis and conservation of valuable contexts.     

围绕中心服务大局努力提升党建工作科学化水平

党建研究是党建工作的重要组成部分。深入探究党建工作的本质和规律,制定正确的目标任务,寻求有效的途径和方法,是做好党建工作的前提和基础,也是各级党组织重要的工作内容和工作方法。文章结合西宁市实际,提出了进一步搞好地方党建研究工作的思路。     

《报任安书》三题

文章讨论司马迁《报任安书》中的两个“不得已”与“曼辞以自饰”的意义以及与“从上雍”相关的结构分析问题。     

Russian Accession to the WTO: An Assessment

A senior World Bank economist presents a study focusing on issues controlling Russia's accession to the WTO in 2007. The paper discusses the principal reform commitments that Russia has made in an effort to become a member of the organization and addresses the question of whether the country faces excessive demands due to political considerations. While exploring such issues as potential relations with foreign exporters and investors, the author summarizes the relevant parts of his recent joint study of Russian import tariffs that casts a new light on a complex aspect of international trade. Among other problems relating to Russia's entry, he discusses in some detail branch banking and the tradedistorting subsidies in agriculture. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F13, F40, O19. 3 tables, 26 references.     

GeoDa : An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis

This article presents an overview of GeoDa™, a free software program intended to serve as a user-friendly and graphical introduction to spatial analysis for non-geographic information systems (GIS) specialists. It includes functionality ranging from simple mapping to exploratory data analysis, the visualization of global and local spatial autocorrelation, and spatial regression. A key feature of GeoDa is an interactive environment that combines maps with statistical graphics, using the technology of dynamically linked windows. A brief review of the software design is given, as well as some illustrative examples that highlight distinctive features of the program in applications dealing with public health, economic development, real estate analysis, and criminology.