论井渠技术的起源

井渠是我国古代发明的一项用地下暗渠引水灌溉的技术,西汉龙首渠是最早见于记载和经考古调查证实的井渠,秦始皇陵园发现的排水暗渠早于龙首渠,且技术已较成熟。根据我国早期矿冶遗址和相关的文献记载,井渠之法至迟在春秋时期即已出现。井渠起源于本土,它是坎儿井的源头,该项技术被后世广泛应用于隧道的开凿等。     

从汉墓出土“遣策”看西汉服饰

"遣策"中有关服饰的记录是真实的西汉服饰名称的记录。本文在对汉墓出土"遣策"进行总结分析的基础上,得出了有关西汉服饰的几点认识:西汉较为普遍的服饰称谓主要有"襌衣"、"複衣"、"裳"、"裤"、"襦"、"袭"、"袍"等;西汉服装已经有"楚服"和"汉服"之分;"巾"、"帻"在西汉中晚期即已出现;"袍"的称谓在西汉早期已出现;"襜褕"的称谓在西汉中晚期仍在使用;"遣策"中似乎均缺失关于死者随身所穿的衣物的记录;以死者生前所穿衣物为敛服或随葬的现象普遍。     

秦汉时期关中几项水利工程

陕西的关中,是历史上周,秦、汉、唐等十一个朝代建都的地方。是中国古代的政治、经济、文化、交通中心,也是中国古代农业的发祥地,水利建设历史悠久,业绩辉煌。秦汉时代的郑国渠、赵老峪、龙首渠、漕渠,就是举世闻名的几项伟大水利工程。充分显示了我国古代劳动人民的聪明才智和科学技术水平。对于开发关中水土资源,除害兴利,发展农业,便利航运,保障当时京都给养等方面起到了重要的作用,在中国水利史上写下了光辉的一页。关于郑国渠,学术界多有论述,本文从略。赵老峪     

汉代中国经济、社会和国家权力--评许倬云的《汉代农业:早期中国农业经济的形成》

许倬云所看的《汉代农业：早期中国农业经济的形成》是美国西雅图华盛顿大学”汉代研究丛书”之一种。该著作不仅为西方读者考察和介绍了关于汉代农业的重要史料,而且还进一步诠释了古代中国农业经济、社会和国家发展的历史。但是,受魏特夫“亚细亚型社会”和“东方专制主义”观点的影响,作者在运用相关考察汉代农业经济时,却忽略了对传统史料的考证和诠释。这种倾向,导致了作者在论述水利工程、人口增长、佃农人数、国家权力和田租数量等影响农业经济发展的要素时,忽略或误读了传统史料所表达的基本信息。同样,作者对汉代地主阶级势力所作出的过低的估计也存在着相当问题。实际上,整个汉代,地主阶级的发展是极为活跃的：西汉后期,地主豪强兼并土地已愈演愈烈;迨至东汉,随着田庄的兴起,汉朝统一的根基不断被腐蚀,最后终于瓦解了汉王朝的统治。     

也谈《尹湾汉墓简牍》的性质

《尹湾汉墓简牍》是否如朱绍侯先生所论证的是西汉东海郡非常时期的档案材料 ,还有进一步商讨的必要。我们认为尹湾简牍对于西汉历史研究更多的还是资料的补充和佐证 ,是具有一定普遍意义的     

論十九世紀初叶中国农村中雇佣劳动的性質

十八世纪末——十九世纪前半期,中国封建经济经历了严重的危机。封建的生产关系原在农村中占统治地位,可是,到这时,正如毛泽东所指出的:“中国封建社会内的商品经济的发展,已经孕育着资本主义的萌芽。而雇佣劳动的普遍使用就是中国农业中资本主义发展的显明标志之一。许多地区由于商业性农业的发展和农业生产商品率的增长,引起了对雇佣劳动的使用。(如:陕西、山东等省)。在好些省份(江苏、山西、甘肃等)零工现象开始发展。童工被广泛应用。甚至在少数民族的一些地区(如:广西、贵州之苗族,广西的僮族)也使用了雇佣劳动。在雇佣劳动方面,我们所研究的这一时期,是以商     

两汉时代云南的铁器

西汉时代云南已经使用铁器,但为数甚少,使用不普遍,而且当时人视为宝贵的东西,这可以从云南历次出土的实物中肯定的。首先是晋宁石寨山四十八座西汉墓中出土的铜器,共有2000多件,而铁器只出土115件,只有铜器的约百分之五。这115件中,全铁制的只有46件,其余69件,都是铜铁     

西汉前期北方边防对策举要

西汉前期北方边防的重要问题在于如何处理与匈奴的关系。汉朝的边防对策在借鉴前代的基础上系统化了，对当时及后代均有一定的影响。本文着重从西汉前期北方边防对策尤其是从处理与汉匈关系的一些重要政策措施，如行政上扩大直接管辖的＂收边郡与徙民塞下＂、军事攻守上＂缮治河上塞与举兵攻匈奴＂、推行和平交往的＂汉匈和亲约与开设关市＂以及以邦交往边防＂通使月氏与开通古城＂等方面，揭示其源流及其所发挥的综合边防功能。     

西汉丝绸之路上的三女杰

西汉丝绸之路上的三女杰周德广，李瑛，朱承先在谈到丝绸之路上的各式各样的人物时，我们不应该忘记为了开辟这条友谊之道，为了中华民族的融合，为了祖国的统一而做出贡献的历史上的杰出女性。她们有的披甲上阵，英勇奋战；有的戌边屯田，辛劳一生；有的忙于经济、文化的...     

从松滋楚墓中园瓦当说起

在我们文物考古界,已有不少人长期保持这样一些概念——“战国时盛行半瓦当,瓦当上有花纹,以(?)纹、涡形敦、双兽纹、树木纹等最为常见。”①又瓦当“在西汉中叶以后普遍成为圆形、瓦当上的纹饰,有的是“云”纹的几何画案;有的是“青龙”、“朱雀”的动物图样;也有的是文字瓦当,如“长乐未央”、“延年益寿”,等吉祥语。”②由于上述概念在一些人的思想里形成了成见。所以有些文物工作者往往调查东周城址或     

Alexander the Great, the dahlia, and the tortoise

Some of the problems of establishing the cause of the death of Alexander the Great are like the attempts to find causes other than hysteria for Anna O.'s symptoms. The more general problem of using plausibility as a criterion of the truth of such reconstructions are illustrated by the arguments embedded in Tom Stoppard's Arcadia.     

Alexander the Great,the Dahlia,and the Tortoise

Some of the problems of establishing the cause of the death of Alexander the Great are like the attempts to find causes other than hysteria for Anna O.’s symptoms. The more general problem of using plausibility as a criterion of the truth of such reconstructions are illustrated by the arguments embedded in Tom Stoppard’s Arcadia.     

Milton,the passions,and the knowing body

ABSTRACT

This paper challenges the notion that Galenic humouralism stripped the early modern body of agency and argues that some accounts of early modern materialism were connected to epistemology. It evidences how Milton’s passions are inscribed with the shocking language of agency and moral responsibility to overturn the assumption of “passive”, unconscious passions. It explores two pictures of passions in connection with knowledge: passions as obstacles to knowledge, and passions as sources as knowledge. Both images recast the material body as a knowing agent, but do so with complications. Agency-ridden passions complicate a straightforward notion of agency, and seem to leave early moderns with the option of blaming their passions instead of themselves for deception. Frequent references to internal passions in political discourses also suggests an unsettling degree of comfort with subjectivity in making knowledge-statements, but it is a version of subjectivity that seems far more public than private.     

Not Just the Center, the Periphery, Too

“It means nice place in the Tibetan language,” he says. I tell him that the Yarlung Tsangpo is not such a “nice place” for the people of Assam living downstream-because it has repealed its annual flooding venture. But in Tibet, the Tsangpo flows peacefully from its birth in the Kailash range in the far west of the Tibetan plateau.     

Women,Half the Sky,Cloth,Rich-color

正~~     

Island Archaeology,Model Systems,the Anthropocene,and How the Past Informs the Future

The use of islands as ‘model systems’ has become particularly relevant for examining a host of important issues in archaeology and other disciplines. As papers in this special issue of the Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology demonstrate, islands can serve as critical and ideal analytical platforms for observing human populations in the past and their evolutionary histories within complex and insular human ecodynamics. In this paper we address the issue of how islands are also important models for future sustainability and as corollaries for the survival of humans generally. In a sense, island cultures and ecosystems can be seen as microcosms of the issues we have faced as humans, and provide important insights for understanding the fate of our species, particularly as it pertains to the exploration and colonization of new worlds.