价值共创:景区游客管理理念转向及创新路径

在可持续发展思潮的影响下,游客管理重新成为研究的热点。国内外景区游客管理理论先后出现了"以环境保护为导向"和"以游客为中心"两种重要思想,但二者均忽视了游客在自我管理中的能动性及其对景区可持续发展的重要意义,因而削弱了二者的实践价值。价值共创理论作为强调企业和消费者基于价值互动的新理论,为重新审视和创新景区游客管理理念提供了新路径。在价值共创式游客管理框架模型中,景区游客的偏好管理、容量管理、体验管理和行为管理等界面,构成了价值共创式游客管理理念模型的四大板块。景区为游客搭建对话与互动的平台,并构建个性化体验环境,推动四大板块的管理创新与联动,从而实现生态价值、体验价值和经济价值的最大化。     

VERP对我国风景名胜区旅游环境容量研究的启示

"游客体验与资源保护"(VERP)框架是美国国家公园管理局(NPS)研究人员对旅游环境容量(TECC)系统研究的成果,它既可以作为制订容量政策的规划框架,又可以作为一种监测和管理工具,这对目前还处在线性、静态研究阶段的我国风景名胜区旅游环境容量研究有很大的启示,VERP提供了一个理性的、符合逻辑的规划框架和操作性强的动态管理工具。     

闽南石雕旅游者的文化体验研究

本研究构建了旅游动机、旅游体验、游客满意度及游客重游意愿的关系模型,并进行实证检验。研究表明:(1)游客的旅游动机对游客的满意度和游客旅游体验存在显著影响;(2)游客间的旅游体验对游客的满意度存在显著的影响;(3)游客的满意度对游客的重游意愿存在显著影响;(4)游客的旅游体验对旅客旅游动机和游客满意度存在显著影响。本文探讨旅游动机,通过旅游体验的中介效应,对游客满意度的影响,以及游客满意度对游客重游意向的影响,扩展了游客满意度理论,并提出石雕景区建设文化体验的管理对策。     

游客感知体验视角下旅游目的地的吸引力分析——以澳大利亚为例

澳大利亚是中国游客重要的出境旅游目的地国家。文章从中国游客感知体验的角度出发,重点利用网络文本分析法,对携程旅游网络平台的旅游者游记进行量化分析,并从城市景观资源、文化资源、特色生物资源、海滨观光休闲资源四个维度对旅游意象进行聚类。研究发现,澳大利亚的旅游吸引力可概括为城市景观资源吸引力等四个方面;城市景观资源和海滨休闲观光资源是中国游客赴澳大利亚旅游的核心吸引力;"悉尼""凯恩斯""墨尔本"三座城市是中国旅游者赴澳大利亚旅游感知体验的核心;澳大利亚的旅游产业结构相对完善。通过本文的研究,希望为澳大利亚旅游形象定位、旅游宣传促销策略的制定提供参考。     

乡村旅游地场所依赖和游客忠诚度关联研究——以西安市长安区“农家乐”为例

"场所依赖"和"游客忠诚度"是有效解释旅游地发展和游客未来行为意图关系的有效理论工具。本文根据国外已有研究成果,从环境心理和游客认知角度,通过结构方程对乡村旅游地"农家乐"游客的"场所依赖"和"忠诚度"进行了关联研究,研究显示:游客对乡村旅游地"农家乐"的"场所依赖"和"游客忠诚度"存在强正相关关系;场所依赖构成维度中的场所依靠和场所认同与游客忠诚度的相关系数分别是0.79和0.70;"游客忠诚度"构成维度中游客对"农家乐"自我评价忠诚度为高度相关(0.75)、将该地作为优先选择为高度相关(0.76)、再次到访意愿上为高度相关(0.67);仅在唯一性选择上处于中度相关(0.58)。该研究结果从实证层面上说明了乡村旅游地"农家乐"目前所呈现给游客的各种休闲游憩项目基本符合了游客的需求,满足了游客寻求短暂逃逸现实并追求乡村宁静生活体验的要求。文后就研究不足提出了"场所依赖"和"游客忠诚度"本土化研究发展的趋向。     

基于网络文本分析的游客乡愁体验研究

游客通过乡村旅游寻找"乡愁"。本研究以望城区2041条旅游网站评论为样本,运用ROST CM6.0进行分析,得出游客乡愁体验的3个维度,揭示游客乡愁体验构成的主要动机和影响因素,发现长沙望城区旅游地整体风貌、自然风景、历史文化和民俗民风等会影响游客的地方性感知;游客参与旅游活动会显著影响其乡愁体验;靖港古镇真实性感知较差,情感记忆会影响游客的真实性感知;游客情感性感知强烈,地方性感知和真实性感知都会影响其情感性感知,而乡愁感知会影响游客满意度。基于此,提出完善乡愁景观设计、提升乡愁体验项目、注重乡村生活的保护和延续等乡愁体验的对策建议。     

长沙市休闲农业发展研究

休闲农业是以农业资源为依托,使旅游者体验和领略农业艺术和自然情趣的一种休闲旅游方式。文章阐述了长沙市休闲农业的发展现状和问题,分析了影响长沙市休闲农业发展的优势和制约因素,并提出了相应的发展对策建议。一、长沙市休闲农业发展特点(一)形成一定的产业规模,具有显著的经济效益湖南省的休闲农业始于20世纪90年代,2012年全省休闲农业实现经营收入120亿元,共接待游客1亿多人次。作为省会城市的     

生态旅游目的地形象、体验价值与游客忠诚研究:以青海省为例

当下环境污染加剧,旅游休闲需求加大,生态旅游在满足游客内心世界和外部生态平衡方面扮演关键角色。本文以青海省为研究案例,通过结构方程模型验证生态旅游目的地形象、体验价值和游客忠诚的结构关系。验证结果发现,生态旅游目的地认知形象显著正向影响情感形象;生态旅游目的地认知形象和情感形象积极影响游客体验价值。此外,生态旅游目的地认知形象和游客体验价值显著正向影响游客忠诚,相比之下,情感形象并不影响游客忠诚。本研究对上述发现进行分析,并提出相关建议。     

INFO

美国海洋世界新设中国办事处 美国圣地亚哥海洋世界日前在中国设置办事处,期待进一步促进中国市场的销售和市场推广．将其独特的动物体验呈现给更多中国游客。     

基于全面质量管理理念的旅游规划

旅游业是消费升级转型的产物,有助于满足游客休闲娱乐和精神追求的需要。随着社会的发展,游客对旅游产业发展提出了更多的要求。为提升旅游产业发展水平,有必要以全面质量管理理念指导旅游规划编制工作,切实保证旅游规划编制效果,便于加快旅游产业发展速度,完善旅游产业体系。本文主要分析全面质量管理理念、旅游规划,研究全面质量管理理念与旅游规划的关系,提出基于全面质量管理理念的旅游规划策略,在提高旅游产业发展水平方面起着重要作用。     

TRENDS IN NEIGHBORHOOD INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE U.S.: 1980–2000*

ABSTRACT This paper reports evidence on the geographic pattern of income inequality, both within and between neighborhoods, across a sample of 359 U.S. metropolitan areas between 1980 and 2000. The results indicate that overall income inequality within a metro area tends to be driven by variation within neighborhoods, not between them, although we find that between‐neighborhood differences rose dramatically during the 1980s and subsided somewhat during the 1990s. While this trend is similar to what existing research has found, our findings reveal potentially important differences in the magnitudes of the changes depending on whether neighborhoods are defined by block groups or tracts.     

Party Voting in the U.S. Senate, 1877-1990: An Assessment of Long- and Short-Term Effects

Although party voting in the U.S. Senate has been affected by long-term and short-term factors, models in previous research have ignored this distinction. The author employs a relatively new tool, error correction modeling, to measure the long- and short-term effects of internal and external factors on party voting in the U.S. Senate. The results show that party voting for both major parties is a long-term equilibrium relationship with ratification of the 17th Amendment and that external factors are much more important than internal ones for explaining changes in levels of party voting.     

IMAGES DES ETATS-UNIS DANS LE ROMAN QUEBECOIS MODERNE (IMAGES OF THE UNITED STATES IN CONTEMPORARY QUEBEC NOVELS)

Although most Quebec novelists are not preoccupied with the United States, the presence of the huge southern neighbour makes itself felt now and again. One is struck by the similarities in the images of the U.S. when it does appear in literature: Quebec novelists seem to see it as a powerful attraction and as a dangerous threat. Three novels, representing three different approaches, illustrate this point: Ringuet's Thirty Acres, Roger Lemelin's The Plouffe Family and Anne Hébert's Kamouraska (other novels are cited where relevant in the original paper).

The attraction of the U.S. is most oftén presented in French-Canadian literature by the theme of escape, frequently for economic reasons. Ringuet's novel explores the reasons for large immigrations southward, and in so doing exposes the myth of the “easy” life in the U.S. versus a “hard” life in the North (cf. Maria Chapdelaine). But the novel shows how misleading this myth can be: once Quebeckers taste the bitterness of economic depression in the U.S. in the 1930's, they begin to look back to the North with the same kind of illusions of economic independence which brought them South.     

墨西哥人移民美国的历程

墨西哥移民在美国移民史上占有重要的地位,是当今美国最大的移民群体。作为一种历史现象,墨西哥人向美国较大规模的移民开始于20世纪初前后,概而观之,除20世纪30年代因大萧条而短暂中断外,墨西哥移民一直呈现出持续的高水平特征。墨西哥人移民美国的历程大致可以划分为四个阶段,与之对应的是四次移民浪潮：第一次浪潮从19世纪末20世纪初到1929年美国经济大萧条;第二次移民浪潮从1942年美墨双方签署《布拉塞洛计划55301964年该计划终结;第三次浪潮从1965年移民法颁布到20世纪80年代中期,此间大量墨西哥无证件移民流入美国;第四次浪潮从《1986年移民改革与控制法》颁布至今。墨西哥人移民美国源于一系列历史、地理、经济和社会因素,根植于美墨两国总体社会经济背景之下。     

出入西安的美加游客空间转移模式研究

通过对出入西安美加游客的实地调查,利用计算机软件建立数据库进行资料统计分析,探讨西安与其它旅游热点城市之间美加游客空间转移模式及其影响因素,提出美加旅游市场的几点营销策略。     

中国文化的区域对比研究

中国历史悠久,文化资源丰富。文化资源与经济有密切的内在联系,区域对比是研究文化资源的捷径。对比中美两国和中日两国的文化资源可以发现巨大的差异。同时,在中国内部,区域间文化资源的差异也很明显。以南方与北方对比为例,在饮食、语言、文艺、经济、政治等方面都有区别。北方的政治和军事力量八次统一大陆,南方的意识形态多次向北方挺进,继承和发扬中国优秀的文化资源有利于当前市场经济的发展。     

“反文明”的文明圣人:排华酝酿时期美国媒体的孔子形象

19世纪是中西力量对比最为悬殊的时期,西方社会蔑视中国文明之举极为普遍。美国媒体的孔子观具有强烈的代表性。孔子本为中国的文明圣人,但美国的媒体话语却让其走向文明进步的对立面,被刻画为中国融入近代世界的巨大障碍。美国媒体认为,孔子控制着中国人的思维,造就了极其保守、极具惰性的中国国民性格,导致了中美社会发展程度之间的鸿沟。他们沾沾自喜于以基督教为基础的美欧文明的"先进性",某些中国人皈依基督教以及日本人抛弃孔子思想的积极态度被毫不犹豫地用作了支撑证据。19世纪后半期的美国媒体论及孔子的真正目的在于证明欧美文明的优越。     

CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE EARNINGS GAP BETWEEN NATIVES AND IMMIGRANTS ALONG THE U.S.‐MEXICO BORDER*

ABSTRACT Using 1990 and 2000 U.S. census data, this study investigates changes in immigrant/native earnings disparities for workers in U.S. cities along the international border with Mexico vis‐à‐vis the U.S. interior during the 1990s. Our findings—based on estimating earnings functions and employing the Juhn‐Murphy‐Pierce (1993, JPE) wage decomposition technique—indicate that the average earnings of Mexican immigrants along the U.S.‐Mexico border improved relative to those accrued by their counterparts in the U.S. interior and by otherwise similar U.S.‐born Mexican Americans between 1990 and 2000. However, when comparing Mexican‐born workers to U.S.‐born non‐Hispanic whites, the immigrant border‐earnings penalty remained statistically unchanged.     

The Hungarian and Slovak sources of archaeological obsidian: an interim report on further fieldwork,with a note on tektites

This report describes the results of fieldwork carried out in the Zemplén Mountain area of north-eastern Hungary in 1975. The aim of this work was to locate and sample geological sources of obsidian which may have been used by prehistoric man. These sources are of increased importance since the work of Nandris (1975) showed that the Romanian “sources” do not produce workable obsidian. During the fieldwork three sources in Hungary were visited and sampled; one of these was the previously unlocated source of Csepegö Forräs. A number of other possible localities for geological obsidian are mentioned in 19th and 20th century geological and archaeological literature, and the present state of knowledge with regard to these is summarized. Further sources exist in central and in south-eastern Slovakia. These sources were not visited but material has been obtained from both areas. The central Slovak sources do not produce workable obsidian and are not therefore relevant to archaeological studies. Obsidian from three localities in south-eastern Slovakia is of good glassy quality and further fieldwork is now needed to check the validity of these localities as geological sources. Reference is made to obsidian sources in the western U.S.S.R., and the problem of the use of tektites in archaeological sites is discussed.The obsidian samples obtained during this work are currently being analyzed using neutron activation, in order to characterize the sources on the basis of their trace element analysis and thus to relate them to archaeological obsidian from central and eastern Europe.     

BAYESIAN SMOOTHING OF RATES IN SMALL GEOGRAPHIC AREAS*

ABSTRACT. An enormous amount of socio-economic and public-health data come as rates (e.g., unemployment, per capita income, mortality rates, census undercount) reported in small geographic areas. The U.S. Census Bureau regularly publishes data series at the county level, although the county is often a small area chosen for administrative convenience rather than by design. The reported rates can be regarded as a noisy representation of the true geographic distribution of rates over the small areas. This article presents a Bayesian statistical method of smoothing raw rates. In order to illustrate the important features of the method, a data set on undercoverage in the 1980 U.S. Census will be used.