当前俄罗斯人口地理变动的新特点

俄罗斯是一个地广人稀的国家。在20世纪90年代世界性人口增长的大背景下,人口持续减少,已成为影响国家发展和民族生存的重大问题,特别是其人口的发展显示出有悖于世界人口增长普遍规律的一些特征,非常值得探讨和研究。本文在对俄罗斯人口的增长、结构、分布和城市化发展特点等四个方面进行全面分析的基础上,探讨了俄罗斯人口危机产生的经济、社会和文化原因。指出解决俄罗斯人口问题的当务之急是加快发展经济,全面提高人口的生存环境质量。     

康雍乾时期的贵州山地文化观

清代康雍乾时期派到贵州地方官员的奏折、疏言、著述和皇帝的上谕、朱批、圣旨等所构成一系列对治理贵州的决策及实施过程,正记述了对贵州山地、山地民族和山地文化及其特征的认识过程,形成了独特的贵州山地文化观,在贵州社会历史发展中起到了重要作用,至今仍有参考价值。     

试析叙利亚现代民族国家构建的阶段与特征

叙利亚现代民族国家构建可分为三个历史阶段:法国委任统治阶段(1920—1946年)、独立的探索阶段(1946—1963年)与复兴党统治阶段(1963年至今)。其构建过程有三大特征:其现代民族国家构建与中东的民族思潮及民族独立运动紧密相联;其民族国家构建过程中族群、部落、区域冲突等问题错综复杂;复兴党的统治为其民族国家构建带来了极大的独特性。     

Six decades of ethnic minority population change in China

ABSTRACT

China’s 55 non-Han ethnic minority groups were at least in part politically and institutionally ‘invented’ by China’s ethnic classification project, and also through the effects of the system of continuous population census. This paper investigates population change of the non-Han ethnic minorities (NHEMs) over the past six decades. The number of NHEMs as a whole tripled from 1953 to 2010. However, growth has differed among individual groups and in different time periods. The population of some groups has fluctuated while that of others has grown steadily, regardless of the size of the groups. As a whole, since 2000 the growth rate of NHEMs has been lower than that of the Han Chinese, and the population of 13 NHEM groups has begun to decline. A growing number of people belonging to ethnic minorities have switched their ethnic identities to Han. This has especially been the case for NHEM youth. The change in ethnic minority populations has been influenced by dynamic interactions among demographic factors, ethnic identification as well as political, economic and policy changes.     

贵州省人口老龄化的现状趋势特点及对策

本通过“五普”、“四普”及相关的资料,分析了贵州省人口老龄化的现状、趋势和特征,探讨了老龄化将会给贵州带来的可能影响并对应采取的对策提出了看法。     

马来西亚维持族群和谐的经济与教育因素

从马华两大族群的经济和教育发展切人,探讨了马亚西亚减少族群暴力冲突,维持族群相对和谐与社会相对稳定的深层原因。马来西亚在各种族群矛盾交织和冲突的情况下,得以维持族群相对和谐与社会稳定,一个主要原因,是马华两族,或该国大多数国民的经济生活和教育发展的需求得到了基本的满足。     

少数民族华侨华人：迁移特点、辨识标准及人数统计

学术界对少数民族华侨华人的研究很少。究其原因有四 :历史原因、民族意识、政治原因和学科因素。本文拟就少数民族华侨华人问题作一初步探讨。全文分为四个部分。第一部分是关于少数民族华侨华人的称谓和概念 ;第二部分分析少数民族华侨华人的迁移与定居特点 ;第三部分提出少数民族华侨华人的辨识标准 ,即记录、祖籍地、客观认同、迁移时间和主观认同 ;第四部分是关于分布世界各地的少数民族华侨华人的初步计量统计。作者提出 ,“华侨华人”的身份应以其定居或入籍他国来确定 ,而不应受其移民方式的影响。     

Quantifying Indonesia's Ethnic Diversity

Ethnicity used to be a political taboo in Indonesia, a country with more than 600 ethnic groups, but this has changed since the advent of the Reform era (1998). The government of Indonesia (through Statistics-Indonesia) included a question on ethnicity in its 2000 population census, and continued in the 2010 census. This paper produces the first estimates of ethnic diversity at the national, provincial, and district levels using tabulations provided by Statistics-Indonesia based on the full enumeration data set of the 2010 Indonesia Population Census. It analyzes three measurements of ethnic diversity: the percentage of the largest ethnic group, Ethnic Fractionalization Index (EFI), and Ethnic Polarization Index (EPOI). This paper provides a quantitative start for further studies to link ethnic diversity with many social, economic, and political variables, including studies on the dynamics of ethnic diversity. We conclude that Indonesia is relatively ethnically fractionalized, though not as polarized. Among provinces and districts, we have seen a continuum ranging from ethnically homogeneous to heterogeneous, from the least fractionalized to the most fractionalized, and from the least polarized to the most polarized province or district. Variation in ethnic diversity is also seen across islands although provinces and districts in the Island of Java are more likely to be homogeneous, less fractionalized and less polarized than provinces and districts outside Java Island.     

人口收缩与老龄化双重时空格局演变及影响因素——以黑龙江省为例

研究采用皮尔逊相关性分析、Dagum基尼系数、GTWR模型和灰色预测模型等方法,依据2000、2010、2020年全国人口普查数据,以人口收缩幅度大、老龄化水平高的黑龙江省为研究样本,从县域尺度刻画人口收缩程度、人口老龄化水平时空格局并揭示二者时空耦合关系,剖析人口老龄化影响因素,预测人口规模及老龄化发展趋势。研究表明：①20年间人口规模呈由低速增长向轻度收缩到重度、严重收缩的演变过程。收缩高值区主要分布于西北部、南部的农业和林业地区,低值区主要分布于市辖区。②人口老龄化水平总体呈成年型Ⅰ期—老年型Ⅰ期—老年型Ⅲ期梯度上升态势。高值区主要分布于东南部的林业地区,低值区主要分布于边境口岸城市。③市辖区和县域类型单元均表现为人口收缩与人口老龄化增长的高度正相关关系。不同收缩类型人口老龄化水平差异较大,人口收缩程度与人口老龄化水平呈现空间一致性。④迁出率、老年人口基数、人均受教育年限、死亡率、人均GDP对人口老龄化水平呈正向影响,出生率、迁入率、每千人拥有床位数对人口老龄化水平呈负向影响。⑤未来十年区域人口规模将延续下降趋势,人口老龄化水平呈加速增长态势。     

Demography,diversity and nativism in contemporary Africa: evidence from Uganda

ABSTRACT. The relationship between population growth, ethnic diversity and conflict in the developing world is little understood but highly relevant to a large number of countries. In order to understand this relationship, I focus on a case study of local conflict in the district of Kibaale in western Uganda. Uganda's unusually high population growth rate and high level of ethnic diversity are often seen to have led to communal violence in Kibaale. Yet I claim that while this conflict was indeed sparked by population growth and resultant internal migration, it has nothing to do with ethnic diversity per se. Rather, the conflict in Kibaale has much more to do with nativism and the salience of claims to indigeneity at the local level. Kibaale may thus prove something of a warning sign for other parts of Uganda and other developing countries with similar high population growth and little success in nation‐building.     

Self-rated Health of older persons in Indonesia

This study contributes to expanding the knowledge of the health of older persons living in Indonesia, a country with limited welfare benefits. The research employs a variable, ‘self-rated health’ (SRH), to investigate socio-cultural factors linked to the health of older Indonesians. The data presented in this study are based on fieldwork collected using a mixed-method approach. Sex-difference in SRH in older age is shown to be predominantly a result of enduring inequalities across the life course, manifested in cultural practices, education, employment and programs for health. An older person's status within the family is a significant determinant of SRH, but the direction of the relationship depends on the sex and ethnicity of the person. Other variables related to SRH are age, lifestyle, education, residential area and intergenerational transfers.     

青海省人口老龄化问题的演变特点与对策思考

本文从人口老龄化的界定及其影响出发,分析了青海省人口老龄化问题的演变特点,提出了积极应对青海省未来人口老龄化的对策。     

日本的养老经验与对策

日本早在1970年就进入了老龄化社会,目前是世界上老龄化和高龄化程度最高的国家,专家学者也一直在不断探索日本国民长寿的秘密。我国在20世纪末也进入了老龄化国家的行列,是世界上老龄人口最多的国家。中日人口老龄化过程有很多相似之处,同时又都有居家养老的传统。在应对老龄化方面,日本经验丰富,有很多值得我们借鉴的地方,比如：完善的老年保障体系、社区老年服务的健全、居家养老的养老方式、充分发挥老年人潜能等等。但是,我国要根据本国国情,有选择的借鉴、学习日本的养老经验。     

旅游促进民族交往交流交融量表研究：基于目的地居民视角

促进各民族广泛交往交流交融,是党中央新时期民族工作的重大决策部署,是推动中华民族共同体建设的重要途径。旅游是促进各民族交往交流交融的重要平台,但旅游促进民族交往交流交融量表开发与检验的相关研究存在维度不明确、内容不全面、方法不规范等问题。鉴于此,以喀什噶尔古城景区为例,从目的地居民感知视角出发,以景区内外居民为研究对象,遵循量表开发的规范程序,采用文献回顾、定性访谈、专家咨询等方法收集生成初始题项,对调研所获得的 447 份有效样本数据进行实证分析,得到包含 17 个题项、3 个维度的旅游促进民族交往交流交融量表,并通过结构方程模型检验了量表的稳定性。研究结论丰富了旅游促进民族交往交流交融相关研究,为后续实证分析提供有效的测量工具,也为充分发挥旅游促进民族交往交流交融的实践提供指导。     

近20年新加坡的中国新移民及其数量估算

本文研究近20年来中国移民进入新加坡的原因、过程和发展趋势,并根据历年新加坡人口统计中的常住人口和非常住人口数量、华人出生率、移民数量和族群比例等数据,推估出新加坡的中国移民新数据。结论是,近30年来,新加坡政府大规模吸收高素质移民,以弥补人口数量不足,确保华族占总人口75%和发展高新产业。进入新加坡的移民总数达164万人,占2009年新加坡居民总数的近33%。其中,华人移民约占80%,主要来自马来西亚和中国。从1990年到2009年,进入新加坡的中国移民潮逐渐加速,总量约50～60万人,约占新加坡总人口的10%～12%。