隋栖岩道场舍利塔碑的科学分析与保护修复

隋栖岩道场舍利塔碑是第一批全国书法艺术名碑,碑文字体具魏碑向唐楷过渡的书法风格,碑文内容也为研究隋代佛教和佛寺发展提供了重要的实物资料,具有重要的艺术价值和史料价值。保护修复前,碑座表面溶蚀、裂隙病害较多,碑身断裂病害严重,残块多达百余块。相比以往报道的馆藏石质文物保护修复案例,其断裂病害极为典型,保护修复实践具有一定的示范意义。 本研究利用XRF、XRD、Raman、超景深视频显微系统及万能材料试验机等仪器对隋栖岩道场舍利塔碑的材质、病害及粘接材料性能进行了科学分析,并结合三维数字化和有限元仿真分析确立了碑座和碑身分离保存或展示的保护修复思路。同时,结合保管和展陈实际需要,设计并制作了专用移动保护平台,通过清洗、粘接、补全等系列石质文物保护修复措施对碑座和碑身分别进行了保护修复,基本恢复了碑身原貌,使文物处于相对稳定和安全的状态。 相比以往石碑保护修复实践,在以下三个方面做出拓展:其一,较为全面地分析了石碑的病害和材质,揭示了病害和材料特征;其二,借助三维扫描和有限元分析技术对断裂石碑的复原进行了数字化模拟和安全性评估,从有利于文物安全和保护的角度确定了碑座和碑身分离、碑身侧立放置的保护修复实施方案,提高了保护修复的科学性;其三,结合文物保存和展陈需要,设计制作了专用的移动保护平台,既实现了石碑的安全保存,又有利于后期的展示和利用。 本研究注重现代科学技术与传统修复相结合,为断裂石质文物的保护修复积累了经验,提供了技术借鉴,对于推动有限元分析在可移动文物保护修复中的应用,提高文物保护修复的科学性具有一定的积极作用。     

洛阳崔氏墓壁画地仗层加固修复研究

笔者曾于2010年参加“中日韩合作丝绸之路沿线文物保护修复技术人员培训第六期——壁画修复班”,期间修复完成洛阳唐安国相王孺人崔氏墓M50—12号壁画。本文以此壁画为研究对象,详细分析壁画修复中地仗层的修复原则、加固材料筛选、加固方法、工艺步骤等,以期寻找壁画地仗层加固修复的最佳工艺和方法。     

克孜尔石窟第13窟修复简报

新疆克孜尔石窟第13窟在自然因素和人为因素的双重影响下,壁画及泥塑的保存现状不容乐观,其壁画病害的主要类型是起甲、裂隙、空鼓等。本文对该窟壁画的主要病害成因进行分析,并介绍了该窟壁画在2012年的抢救性修复过程,所选用的修复材料及修复工艺。     

邯郸湾漳北朝墓壁画的保护与再修复

2007年5月,为配合"中意合作文物保护修复培训项目"的实施,国家文物局特从河北省文物研究所调来了邯郸湾漳北朝墓的四块壁画,在中意双方壁画保护修复专家的指导下,运用现代修复理论和方法、材料对这四块壁画进行了保护和再修复。文章介绍了此次壁画保护修复的前期调查、壁画保存状况和病变成因、科学检测和详细的修复过程、方法以及出现问题的解决,并探讨了此次壁画修复中现代修复理论的应用问题。此次修复是现代修复理念在传统文物修复中应用的典型范例和成功的尝试。     

关于壁画保护修复技术的一些思考——以2017年壁画保护修复技术培训班学习为例

古代壁画的保护和修复是文物保护领域的重点,也是文保工作中较为复杂、难度较大的一个分支。随着科技的发展和保护技术的日益成熟,不断运用保护新材料、新仪器,古代壁画保护有了质的飞跃。但如何熟练规范使用这些新保护材料和保护仪器,提高壁画保护水平,是目前文保工作中亟需解决的问题。本文主要以2017年7月国家文物局和敦煌研究院联合局举办的古代壁画保护修护技术培训班学习为例,就开展壁画保护修复技术学习、加强壁画保护修复技术人才队伍建设试作探析。     

基于凝胶法的古代壁画表面加固材料的去除技术模拟研究

为了延长古代壁画的寿命,保护工作者通常将一些现代高分子材料渗透到壁画颜料层,用以黏结加固濒危的壁画。这些材料对壁画的保护发挥了积极作用。但是随着时间的推移,有些材料已经开始劣化,逐渐丧失作用,有的甚至会加速壁画的破坏。因此,古代壁画表面失效加固材料的清除技术已经成为文物保护需要解决的重要科学技术问题。本项研究针对中国古代壁画4种常用黏结加固高分子材料,聚醋酸乙烯乳液、纯丙烯酸乳液、有机硅改性丙烯酸乳液和Paraloid B72树脂,开展了清除技术的实验室模拟研究。本工作使用目前最环保和高效的水凝胶清洗技术,设计制备了4种凝胶材料,制成16个凝胶配方,结合乙酸乙酯、对二甲苯、正戊醇、碳酸丙烯酯等清洗剂,从凝胶的工作性能、凝胶与清洗剂的相容性、清洗剂对壁画表面层的破坏性、对4种粘结加固材料的清除能力,以及粘结加固材料老化对去除率的影响等方面,在瓷板、玻片和模拟壁画上开展了系列实验研究,从中筛选出分别适合于清除这4种常用高分子材料的凝胶清洗方法,计算了去除率,初步摸清了相关技术数据。     

永乐宫壁画制作材料及工艺的初步调查分析

永乐宫原位于山西省芮城县永乐镇,建于1247—1368年,是为纪念吕洞宾而修建的。其壁画绘制700多年来,历经多次自然灾害和修缮,还经历了20世纪60年代的整体搬迁,目前壁画已出现常见的颜料层起甲、脱落、粉化等病害,还存在拼接缝开裂起翘,表层画面受污染变色的状况。由于早期切割、搬迁和修复的大量介入,现存壁画表面及内部结构都发生了巨大的变化。永乐宫在搬迁过程中保存下来的少量壁画残块,一定程度上代表了永乐宫壁画的原始状态,是研究早期壁画材料和工艺信息的重要的和极有价值的样本。对此,针对取自永乐宫的11块壁画残块的微量样品,通过光学显微镜(OM)、剖面分析(cross-section analysis)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)等多种分析手段,对其制作材料和工艺进行初步调查分析,并取得了其相关壁画地仗、颜料材质及绘制壁画层位的信息,为永乐宫壁画的科学保护和深入研究提供了重要的基础资料。     

紫外荧光成像技术在馆藏壁画保护研究中的应用

应用光学成像技术对文物进行科学诊断与分析,是一种非接触的、非破坏性的、直观和快速的方法。本文介绍在馆藏壁画修复材料、修复痕迹及修复评估方面,通过利用紫外荧光成像技术的实验研究,实现了对馆藏壁画修复加固材料、修复痕迹的鉴别和诊断,对馆藏壁画加固、清洗效果的有效评估,此技术在对壁画进一步保护修复中发挥重要作用。     

南唐二陵壁画历史保护修复材料的分析

为了确定南唐二陵壁画已有保护修复材料的种类,使用多光谱摄影技术分别对钦陵和顺陵壁画保护修复材料的分布区域进行探查,在紫外荧光图像中确定了保护修复材料的位置,通过红外光谱和热裂解-气质联用技术对材料进行了成分分析。结果表明二陵壁画所使用的保护修复材料主要为苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物和聚醋酸乙烯酯,还发现少量多糖类物质,为调和地仗石灰层所使用的糯米汁。该研究表明通过多光谱摄影技术提供线索,使用红外光谱、热裂解-气质联用确定成分是一种可靠的墓葬壁画保护修复材料分析方法体系,为墓葬壁画保护修复材料的鉴别提供借鉴,也为保护修复材料在墓葬壁画中的应用效果评价和劣化机理研究提供参考。     

元代壁画《妇人启门图》保护修复与其艺术表现特征研究

济南市章丘区博物馆收藏有一幅元代壁画《妇人启门图》,该壁画是其馆藏壁画文物中的精品,也是章丘区东姚村墓葬群壁画的代表。山东博物馆文物保护项目组通过对这件文物实施保护修复,总结出一套行之有效的方法,成功推广到该墓葬群18件壁画的保护修复工作中。同时通过对这幅壁画内容进行研究,对华北地区元代墓葬的内容形式特别是“启门图”一类的图像有了较为充分的了解,为今后此类文物的研究提供一定的参考。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.